生物技术专业英语ppt课件

生物专业英语BIOLOGICALENGLISH,生物制药教研室,1,教学目的,(一)掌握生物学专业英语的应用及其语言特点。专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。其教学的重点即阅读与写作。(二)了解专业英语课程的内容和学习方法。(三)为专业英语课程的有效学习提供文献资料，从而扩大阅读范围和提高阅读能力。,2,教学重点,生物学专业英语特点语法特点词汇特点,3,一、专业英语语法特点,主要体现科技英语的特点（语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质）。Becausemostplantsareabletoundergophotosynthesis,theydonotdependonotherorganismsforenergy.,4,长句多（可使句意表达严谨）；Biologyissuchabroadfield,coveringtheminutechemicalreactionsinsideourcells,tobroadscaleconceptsofecosystemsandglobalclimatechange.,5,被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）,Ithasbeenfoundexperimentallythattheratiooftheamountsofadenine(腺嘌呤）tothymine（胸腺嘧啶）,andtheratioofguanine（鸟嘌呤）tocytosine（胞嘧啶）,arealwaysveryclosetounityfordeoxyribosenucleicacid（DNA）,6,名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）Genetherapyinvolvestherepairorcorrectionofthemachinery。基因治疗包括遗传系统的修复或纠正专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占比例大；,7,二、专业英语词汇特点,专业英语词汇的特点表现在：(1)技术词汇多(2)二次技术词汇多(3)特用词多(4)功能词多如：介词，连词，短语，代词专业词汇的构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，有一定量的转换词.,8,Photosynthesis(光合作用)microtubule(微管)microfilament(微丝)Electrophoresis(电泳)DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸）CoA（CoenzymeA）UV（Ultra-violet）AIDS(acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome),9,三、生物学专业英语的内容,(1)掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大词汇量。(2)阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。(3)巩固英语基础知识，提高应用英语的能力（大学英语教学大纲要求大学生修完大学英语基课程后必须学习专业英语。）,10,四、生物学专业英语的学习方法,(1)识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围(2)巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语的语言特点(3)针对应用文体加强翻译、写作练习,11,五、生物学专业英语参考资料,新时代出版社1BA（BiologicalAbstracts）；Science(USA)；Nature(GB)英汉生物学词典（第三版）英汉大学生物学词汇全医药学大辞典On-LineBiologyBook/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html,12,ScopeoffieldinBiology,BiologyThescienceoflivingorganisms,concernedwiththestudyofembryology,anatomy,physiology,cytology,morphology,taxonomy,genetics,evolution,andecology.,13,BiochemistryThestudyofthechemicalsubstancesthatoccurinlivingorganisms,theprocessesbywhichthesesubstancesenterintoorareformedintheorganismsandreactwitheachotherandenvironment,andthemethodsbywhichthesubstancesandprocessesareidentified，characterized,andmeasured（Chemicalprocessesassociatedwithlivingthings.）,14,EmbryologyThestudyofthedevelopmentoftheorganismsandthezygote,orfertilizedegg.AnatomyThebranchofmorphologyconcernedwiththegrossandmicroscopicstructureofanimal,especiallyhumans,15,PhysiologyThebranchofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththebasicactivitiesthatoccurincellsandtissuesoflivingorganismsandinvolvingphysicalandchemicalstudiesoftheseorganisms.,16,CytologyThebranchofbiologicalsciencethatdealswiththestructure,behavior,growth,andreproductionofcellsandthefunctionandchemistryofcellsandcellcomponent.,17,GeneticsThescienceconcernedwithbiologicalinheritance,thatis,withthecausesoftheresemblancesanddifferencesamongrelatedindividuals.HistologyThestudyoftheirstructureandchemicalcompositionofanimaltissuesasrelatedtotheirfunction.,18,EvolutionTheprocessesofbiologicalandorganicchangeinorganismsbywhichdescendantscometodifferfromtheirancestors,andahistoryofthesequenceofsuchchange.EcologyThestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,19,MolecularbiologyThebranchofbiologywhichattemptstointerpretbiologicaleventsintermofthemoleculesinthecell.ImmunologyThedivisionofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththenativeoracquiredresistanceofhigheranimalformsandhumanstoinfectionwithmicroorganisms.,20,BiophysicsThehybridscienceinvolvingthemethodsandideasofphysicsandchemistrytostudyandexplainthestructuresoflivingorganismsandthemechanicsoflivingprocesses.BotanyThebranchofbiologicalsciencethatembracesthestudyofplantsandplantlife,includingalgae;dealswithtaxonomy,morphology,physiology,andotheraspects.,21,Invertebrate（无脊椎的）zoologyAbranchofzoologyconcernedwiththetaxonomy,behavior,andmorphologyofinvertebrateanimals.MicrobiologyThescienceandstudyofmicroorganisms,especiallybacteriaandrickettsiae（立克菌）andofantibioticsubstances.,22,SystematicsThescienceofanimalandplantclassification.系统学VirologyThesciencethatdealswiththestudyofviruses.病毒学ZoologyThesciencethatdealswiththetaxonomy,behavior,andmorphologyofanimallife.动物学MycologyAbranchofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththestudyoffungi.真菌学,23,PaleobotanyThestudyoffossilplantsandvegetationofthegeologicpast.古植物学PaleontologyThestudyoflifeinthegeologicpastasrecordbyfossilremains.古生物学,24,LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellParts,1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactory细胞质：动力工厂Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。,25,2TheNucleus:InformationCentral细胞核：信息中心Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。,26,3.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。,27,Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat,ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,readingthegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。,28,Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。,29,SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。,30,Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。,31,Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(theintakeofparticulatematter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。,32,Asubsetofvacuolesaretheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。,33,Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。,34,Therearetwotypesofplastids:leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembeddedinamatrixcalledthestroma.质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。,35,4.TheCytoskeleton（细胞骨架）Alleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。,36,5.CellularMovements（细胞运动Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis，theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。,37,Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplikeciliaorflagella.Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.某些真核细胞能在液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体处生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。,38,Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindleassembledfromtubutinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentriolesmovethechromosomes.大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。,39,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)实验部分(Experimental)结果与讨论(Results&Discussion)结论(Conclusions)致谢参考文献,40,TheTitle,题名以最少数量的单词来充分表述论文的内容题名的作用吸引读者.题名相当于论文的“标签”(label),题名如果表达不当,就会失去其应有的作用,使真正需要它的读者错过阅读论文的机会；帮助文献追踪或检索.文献检索系统多以题名中的主题词作为线索,因而这些词必须要准确地反映论文的核心内容,否则就有可能产生漏检,41,Title:基本要求,准确(Accuracy)：准确地反映论文的内容；简洁(Brevity)：中文最好不超过20个汉字，英文最好不超过12个单词；清楚(Clarity)：清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色,力求简洁有效、重点突出尽可能将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头；慎重使用缩略语；避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号(数字符号、希腊字母等)、公式、不常用的专业术语和非英语词汇(包括拉丁语)等,42,TheRunningTitle(眉题),用于论文的页眉；是论文题名的缩写；应包含论文中最核心的内容；遵循拟投稿期刊的习惯,43,科技论文标题翻译,1不把标题译成句子译成名词短语译成动名词短语译成介词短语译成不定式短语,44,高等专科学校应有一套实用的英语教材AGreatDemandforaSetofPracticalEnglishTextbooksinColleges略论矿山地质专业测量学的教学改革OntheReforminTeachingofSurveyinginMineGeology科研如何迈开第一步HowtoMaketheFirstStepinScientificResearches,45,黔产三尖杉抗肿瘤活性成分研究AntitumoractivitiesofchemicalconstituentsofCephalotaxusfortuneiinGuizhouprovince芦笋多糖对S180小鼠红细胞补体受体-1(CR1，CD35)数量及活性的影响EffectofAsparagusPolysaccharideontheNumberandActivityofErythrocyteComplementReceptor1(CD35)ofS180Mice,46,2防止逐字死译有些词不必译出根据文章内容来译,47,高校德育工作要做到“五到位”TheNecessityof“FivePrerequisites”inCollegeMoralEducation正确认识运动性疲劳,搞好体育教学和训练OntheCausesofMotorFatigueinPhysicalTrainingandtheMethodsofOvercomingIt化作春泥更护花DevotingEveryEfforttoFosteringLaterGenerations,48,3恰当使用构词铜阳极泥中铜的预先控制与脱除Fore-controlandFore-eliminationofCopperinItsAnodeMud(用了fore-)青函隧道的跨海测量TransmarineSurveyoftheAomoli-Hako-dateTunnel(有了trans-),49,4注意冠词的取舍省略冠词保留冠词从废母液中回收皂素的工艺TechniquesforRetrievingSaponinfromWasteMotherLiquor活化被石灰抑制的黄铁矿的新药剂ANewChemicalforActivatingPyriteInhibitedbyLime,50,部分常见标题的英文表达格式:,OntheDiscussionof论AnAnalysisof(on)就的分析(研究)SomeNotesfor(on)就的几点意见AnIntroductionof的介绍Studyof就的研究AReviewof的回顾SomeThoughtson对的看法AFewProblemson(for)的几个问题SomeNewIdeasfor对的几点见解SomeSuggestionsto(of)的建议Reporton的情