自考英语词汇学-第三章课件

英语词汇学Chapter3WordFormation构词,3.1Morphemes词素,Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。换言之，词素是“构词中最小功能单位”,3.1AlloMorphs词素变体,Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体。Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。,3-Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.这些词素与词一致，因为它们在句子中可以独立起作用，这类词叫单语素词。,4-Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫词素变体。,5-Therearecaseswheretheallomorphsofthepluralmorphemearerealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelorbyzeromorph.名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况，可以通过改变内部元音或零形素来实现名词复数。,3.3Typesofmorphemes词素的类型,Thepopularmethodistogroupintofreemorphemesandboundmorphemes.最流行的方法把词素分成自由词素和粘着词素。,3.3.1freemorphemesFreeMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.彼此之间相互独立的词素叫自由语素。这些词素本身具有完整的意义，在句子中用作自由语法单位。自由词素与根词一致，因为根词就是由单个的自由词素构成的。因此，我们不妨说自由词素就是自由根词。,3.3.2Boundmorphemes粘着词素BoundMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.不能独立成词的词素叫做粘着词素。之所以叫粘着词素是因为它们要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。粘着词素主要出现在派生词里。,Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.粘着词素有两类：粘着词根和词缀。Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeatreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithother6morphemestomakewords.粘着词根，就如自由词根一样，是带有基本意义的词的组成部分。与自由词根不同的是，粘着词根是一种粘附形式，必须与别的词素结合在一起才能构成词。,InEnglish,boundrootsareeitherLatinorGreek.Althoughtheyarelimitedinnumber,theirproductivepowerisamazing.TheygivebirthtothousandsandthousandsofderivedwordsinmodernEnglish.英语中粘着词素不是来源于拉丁语就是来源于希腊语。粘着词根虽然数量不多，但却有惊人的能产性，构成数以千计的现代英语词汇。,Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.词缀是附着于词或词元素并对其意义或者功能作修饰的形式。Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,wecanputthemintotwogroups：inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.根据词缀的功能，可讲词缀分为两组：屈折词缀和派生词缀。,Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandstable.加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀是发生屈折变化的，因此称为屈折词素。屈折词缀数量很少而且稳定。,Derivationalaffixes.Asthetermindicates,derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixescomebeforethewardandthesuffixesaftertheword.派生词缀。是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。,3.4RootandStem词根和词干,Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.词根是一个词的基本形式，这个形式若再