CITES(华盛顿公约)介绍ppt课件

e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,theConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora,CITES,1,2,3,4,INTRODUCTION,CONTENTS,STRUCTURE&OPERATION,INFLUENCE,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,CITES,5,LIMITATIONS&CHANLLENGE,INTRODUCTION,1,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,SimplethingstoknowaboutCITES,WhatisCITES?CITES(theConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora)isaninternationalagreementbetweengovernments.Itsaimistoensurethatinternationaltradeinspecimensofwildanimalsandplantsdoesnotthreatentheirsurvival.,Liveanimals&plantsWildlifeproducts,183parties(97%population),Since1973,35,000speciesofanimalsandplantsInthreeCITESAppendices,CONTENTSAPPENDIX1&2,2-1,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,Roughly5,000speciesofanimalsand29,000speciesofplantsareprotectedbyCITES,Eachprotectedspeciesorpopulationisincludedinoneofthreelists,calledappendices.,Reflecttheextentofthethreattoitandthecontrolsthatapplytothetrade.,Appendix,circa1200,6,01,Circa1200,Includespeciesthreatenedwithextinction.Tradeinspecimensofthesespeciesispermittedonlyinexceptionalcircumstances.,Exportpermitorre-exportcertificate,Importpermit,02,03,04,Specimens,Includeanylivingordeadanimalsandplants,AppendixIspecimens,chimpanzee,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIspecimens,Asianelephant,8,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIspecimens,SnowLeopard,9,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIspecimens,Chinesealligator,10,Circa21,000,Includespeciesnotnecessarilythreatenedwithextinction,butinwhichtrademustbecontrolledinordertoavoidutilizationincompatiblewiththeirsurvival.,Exportpermitorre-exportcertificate,Noimportpermitisneededunlessrequiredbynationallaw,Appendix-IIspecimens,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIIspecimens,greatwhiteshark,12,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIIspecimens,Americanblackbear,13,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIIspecimens,greeniguana,14,Aisan,chimpanzee,chimpanzee,AppendixIIspecimens,Hartmannsmountainzebra,15,Aspecieswillnotbeacceptedintheappendixifitisendangeredinthewildwithoutanytradethreat.,Black-facedspoonbill,AppendixIII,2-2,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,AppendixIII,AppendixIII,about170species,arespeciesthatarelistedafteronemembercountryhasaskedotherCITESPartiesforassistanceincontrollingtradeinaspecies.Thespeciesarenotnecessarilythreatenedwithextinctionglobally.Inallmembercountries,tradeinthesespeciesisonlypermittedwithanappropriateexportpermitandacertificateoforiginfromthestateofthemembercountrywhohaslistedthespecies.,ExamplesofspecieslistedonAppendixIIIandthecountriesthatlistedthemarethetwo-toedsloth(Choloepushoffmanni)byCostaRica,Africancivet(Civettictiscivetta)byBotswana,andthealligatorsnappingturtle(Macrochelystemminckii)bytheUSA.,AppendixIII,两趾树懒,非洲灵猫,大鳄龟,Hynobiusamjiensis安吉小鲵,AppendixIII(China),Mauremysiversoni艾氏拟水龟Mauremysmegalocephala大头乌龟Mauremysnigricans黑颈乌龟Mauremyspritchardi腊戍拟水龟Mauremysreevesii乌龟Mauremyssinensis花龟Ocadiaglyphistoma缺颌花龟Ocadiaphilippeni费氏花龟Sacaliapesudocellata拟眼斑水龟,STRUCTURE&OPERATION,3,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,Fewresources&peopleWorkonthecontinuedinterestsofparticipatingcountrieshelpcountriesnegotiateconcernsontradefosterenforcement,INFLUENCE,4,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,Bydesign,CITESregulatesandmonitorstradeinthemannerofanegativelistsuchthattradeinallspeciesispermittedandunregulatedunlessthespeciesinquestionappearsontheAppendicesorlooksverymuchlikeoneofthosetaxa.Thenandonlythen,tradeisregulatedorconstrained.BecausetheremitoftheConventioncoversmillionsofspeciesofplantsandanimals,andtensofthousandsofthesetaxaarepotentiallyofeconomicvalue,inpracticethisnegativelistapproacheffectivelyforces,Negativelist,INFLUENCE,CITESsignatoriestoexpendlimitedresourcesonjustaselectfew,leavingmanyspeciestobetradedwithneitherconstraintnorreview.Forexample,recentlyseveralbirdclassifiedasthreatenedwithextinctionappearedinthelegalwildbirdtradebecausetheCITESprocessneverconsideredtheirstatus.Ifapositivelistapproachweretaken,onlyspeciesevaluatedandapprovedforthepositivelistwouldbepermittedintrade,thuslighteningthereviewburdenformemberstatesandtheSecretariat,andalsopreventinginadvertentlegaltradethreatstopoorlyknownspecies.,Negativelist,INFLUENCE,INFLUENCE,INFLUENCE,INFLUENCE,AlthoughwildplantsandanimalsunderCITESAppendixshouldnotbetraded,CITESAppendixislistedspeciesthatarenotthreatenwithextinction,butwhosetrademustbecontrolledtoavoidpracticesincompatiblewiththeirsurvival.ThelegaltraceableandsustainabletradeofCITESspeciescanhelpandensuretheirsurvivalmeanwhilecreateeconomicopportunitiesforcommunities.,MEASUREMENTS,INFLUENCE,LIMITATIONS&CHANLLENGE,5,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,NegativeList&BlackMarket,e7d195523061f1c021b92b3d25e54ab5e788c0576048880950C3AFFA1066A7153250F1349197BA8C5246BA9D557EC0274B8DA272D2431748978789E76D2CD7D1F11E7447C1D163F5D9CA1CD35DC7B6F0026C6BB43698AE8A1A50A3B34DA472CDA8898A116D2621F720577CEB1EC5AE786B3A577EC3E762EF9351D5FE95BB5FD00056FCA016A5904C,TheConventionsaid“TradeinallspeciesispermittedandunregulatedunlessthespeciesinquestionappearsontheAppendicesorlooksverymuchlikeoneofthosetaxa.”.Obviously,thisisanambiguousrulewhichallowsthemarkettoexpendlimitedresourcesonjustaselectfew,leavingmanyspeciestobetradedwithneitherconstraintnorreview,evenintheblackmarket.Forexample,recentlyseveralbirdclassifiedasthreatenedwithextinctionappearedinthelegalwildbirdtradebecausetheCITESprocessneverconsideredtheirstatus.Ifapositivelistapproachweretaken,onlyspeciesevaluatedandapprovedforthepositivelistwouldbepermittedintrade,thuslighteningthereviewburdenformemberstatesandtheSecretariat,andalsopreventinginadvertentlegaltradethreatstopoorlyknownspecies.,Blackmarketduetoregulation,RhinoHorn,ElephantIvory,TigerBone,Thebanoninternationalivorytradingwassupposedtoprotectelephants.TheresulthasbeencounterproductivebecauserestrictingsupplyinatimeofincreasingwealthinAsiahasdrivenupprices,dramaticallyincreasingincentivesandrewardsforpoachers.Since2008,large-scaleelephantpoachinghasrestarted,drivenbyhighpricesinAsia.ElephantsinAfricaarebeingslaughteredonanunprecedentedscale.In2012,morethan35,000ofthemorcloseto100perdaywerekilledfortheirtusks.Thingsturnedparticularlyuglyin2013,whenmorethan300fellvictimtocyanidepoisoningbypoachersinZimbabwe.