英美概况(之英国文学)

Unit5BritishLiterature,Anglo-SaxonPeriod盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(449-1066)Anglo-NormanPeriod(MiddleAges)盎格鲁-诺曼时期（10661485）TheRenaissance文艺复兴时期（15世纪后期17世纪初）The17thCentury17世纪文学(AgeofRevolutionandRestoration)TheEnlightenment启蒙时期（17世纪后期18世纪中期）TheRomanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）TheCriticalRealism批判现实主义时期（19世纪30年代-1918）TheModernPeriod现代主义时期（1918-1945）ContemporaryEnglishLiterature当代文学（1945-至今）,I,ThePostmodernPeriod(1945-),VII,GeneralKnowledge,Inpractice,worksofliteraturefallintofourcategoriesorgenres:narrativefictiondramapoetrynon-fictionprose,TheBookerPrize,TheBookerPrize(布克小说奖)waschangedintoTheManBookerPrizeforFiction(曼布克小说奖)in2002aliteraryprizeawardedeachyearforthebestoriginalfull-lengthnovelwritteninEnglishbyacitizenoftheCommonwealthofNations,Ireland,ortheU.S.A.(since2002)Theprizemoney:raisedto50,000in2002underthesponsorshipoftheManGroup.,TheManBookerPrizeforFiction,In1971,thenatureofthePrizewaschangedsothatitwasawardedtonovelspublishedinthatyearinsteadofinthepreviousyearThemostimportantawardfornovelsallovertheworld.,HistoryoftheEnglishLanguage,BritishLiterature,I,TheOldEnglishPeriod,TheearlyBritishliteratureisverydifficultfornativeEnglishspeakerstounderstandtoday,becauseitiswrittenintheOldEnglish,whichisSpokenuntilaround1066ClosertoitsGermanrootsWorkswrittenintheOldEnglish:TheBookofKellsandBeowulf,TheOldEnglishPeriod,MuchearlyBritishwritingwasconcernedwithChristianityAnglo-saxonsproducedbeautifullyillustrated(orilluminated)versionsofthebibleThemostfamous:TheBookofKells(凯尔斯书)keptinTrinityCollegeinDublin,凯尔斯书,四部福音书，内有精美的手抄饰画，约在公元7世纪后期开始制作，8世纪完成。被誉为全世界最美丽的书,现珍藏于都柏林三一学院以丰富的图案与缤纷的色彩，描绘花体字、螺旋线条、花叶漩涡、动物图案等等，如编织地毯般将书页装饰得无以复加黑暗中世纪欧洲最闪耀的艺术精品,TheOldEnglishPeriod,Beowulf贝尔武甫,Beowulftellsthestoryofthe6thcenturySwedishwarriorBeowulfandhisconflictwithafamilyofdragons.ItisthefirstlongpoeminEnglish:morethan3,000linesThesceneisnotEnglandbutDenmark.,OldEnglishliterarywork:thenationalepicBeowulfAlongpoemfromAnglo-Saxonstimes,TheOldEnglishPeriod,ThegreatfeastinghallohKingHrothgar,theDane,israidedbyrepeatedlybyGrendal,afrightfulseamonster.BeowulfcomesfromSwedentoaidHrothgar.HeslaysGrendaland,inanunderseastruggle,alsokillsGrendalsmother.,InlateryearsBeowulf,Kingofhisownland,diesinanactofkillingfiredragonthatismenacinghispeople.,Whatisanepic?,Itsalongnarrativepoemcelebratingthegreatdeedsofoneormorelegendaryheroes,majesticinthemeandstyle.Itdealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance.Thehero,usuallyprotectedbyorevendescendedfromGods,performssuperhumanexploitsinbattleorinmarvelousvoyages,oftensavingorfoundinganation.HomersEpics:IliadOdyssey,Featuresalliterationmetaphorsunderstatements,Beowulf,Alliteration,Alliteration（押头韵）istherepetitionoftheinitialconsonantclusterinstressedsyllables,ortheoccurrenceofthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningofadjacentorcloselyconnectedwords.e.g.descendingdewdropsnowandneverPennywise,poundfoolish.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜;小事聪明,大事胡涂;贪小便宜吃大亏Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew。和风吹荡，水花飞溅。Thefurrowfollowedfree.船儿破浪前进。Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance.我滑动，我流淌，我暗淡，我闪光。,Metaphor(隐喻,暗喻),Afigureofspeechinwhichanimpliedcomparisonismadebetweentwounlikethingsthatactuallyhavesomethingincommon.Ametaphorexpressestheunfamiliarintermsofthefamiliar.Alltheworldsastage.整个世界一台戏。Mylifeisonelongcurve,fullofturningpoints.Myheartisalonelyhunterthathuntsonalonelyhill.,Understatement（低调陈述）,Afigureofspeechinwhichawriterorspeakerdeliberatelymakesasituationseemlessimportantorseriousthanitis.Iamjustgoingoutsideandmaybesometime.(CaptainLawrenceOates,beforewalkingoutintoablizzard暴风雪tofacecertaindeath,1912)Asoiledbaby,withaneglectednose,cannotbeconscientiouslyregardedasathingofbeauty.“(Marktwain)Itsjustafleshwound.(BlackKnight,afterhavingbothofhisarmscutoff,inMontyPythonandtheHolyGrail),Language,Thepoetusespicture-namesforthethingsandpeoplehedescribes.ship:sea-wood,sea-walkerroughsea:whalesroadbody:bone-houseking:ringgiver,Beowulf,Theme:thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewagestrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Hero:wisdom;strengthresponsibility,readydeathforhispeople,Themiddleages(1066-1485),WiththeNormanconquestin1066BritainenteredtheMiddleAges,andthelanguageofroyalcourtbecameFrench.SoliteratureofthattimewaswritteninLatinorFrench.Oneexeption:TheCanterburytaleswaswrittenbyGeoffreyChaucerinEnglish(MiddleEnglish).ItismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrimstoentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheimportantChristianchurchatCanterburyinsoutheastEngland.,GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400),杰佛利乔叟,ThefirstcourtpoettowriteinEnglish(MiddleEnglish).“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”“英国诗歌之父”ThefounderofEnglishrealismThefirstoccupantofthePoetsCornerThefirstonewhointroducedfromFrenchtheheroiccouplet英雄双韵体intoEnglish,英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作,TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集,24tales,heroiccouplet:Apairofrhymedlineswritteniniambicpentameter.每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,Heroiccouplet,TheheroiccoupletwasfirstintroducedbyChaucerfromFrench,consistingoftworhyminglinesofiambicpentameterusuallyhavingapauseinthemiddleofeachline.,Theprologueofthispoemprovidesaframeworkforthetales.,AnIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,TheCanterburyTales,Pilgrimsareontheirwaytotheshrine(圣坛)ofSt.ThomasBecketatCanterbury.ThestoryofthewifeofBath(巴斯妇)isthemostwellknowninallthesetales.,MiddleEnglishPeriod,Sherelatesthewholestoryofhermarriedlife.Shehasmarried5husbandsandsheexpectsoneortwomore.Shehadalwaysbeenabletomasterherhusbandandtorulethehouse.Sometimesshemanageditbecausethehusbandwasoldandsheyoungandpretty.Therewasbutonehusbandwhomshecouldnoteasilymaster.Butshegotbetterofhimbyprovokinghimtobeatherandthenpretendingtobedead.,WifeofBathsTale,Sheistheownerofaclothfactory,light-hearted,merry,somewhatvulgar,andexceedinglytalkative.,HowdoesthewifeofBathmasterherhusbandandrulethehouse?,TheCanterburyCathedral,Inancienttimes,thetownofCanterburywasEnglandsreligiouscenter.St.ThomasBecketwasmadearchbishopofCanterburyin1162.HeisveneratedasasaintandmartyrbyboththeRomanCatholicChurchandtheAnglicanCommunion教派.HeengagedinconflictwithHenryIIofEnglandovertherightsandprivilegesoftheChurchandwasassassinatedbyfollowersofthekinginCanterburyCathedral.,MiddleEnglishPeriod,HistoryoftheKingsofBritain(1138)GeoffreyMonmouth,SirGawainandtheGreenKnight高文爵士和绿衣骑士,ALatinwork:theroundtableandthequestforHolyGrail,TheRoundTable,themeetingplaceofArthurandtheknights,wasroundsothatnoonememberseemedfavoredovertheothers.,ThomasMarlory:LeMorteDArthur(1407)DeathofArthur亚瑟王之死IttellsthestoryofArthursqueenGuinevereandheraffairswithhisbestfriendandgreatestknightSirLancelot.Therefore,thekingandtheknightbecomebitterenemies.,MedievalRomances,ElizabethanDrama,TheRenaissanceageneralfloweringofculturalandintellectuallifeinEuropeduring15thand16thcenturyThefirstprofessionaltheatreopenedinLondonIn1576.Shakespeares“TheGlobeTheatre”wasbuiltin1599.ThenotableplaywrightsChristopherMarlowe:Dr.FaustusBenJohnsonWilliamShakespeare,TheGlobeTheater1599,Burnedin1613,TheNewGlobeTheater1999,Renaissance,RenaissanceisaFrenchwordwhichmeans“rebirth”.Inthe15thand16thcenturies,scholarsinwesternEuropeancountrieshadakeeninterestintheGreekandLatinculture.ThustheartandscienceofancientGreeceandRomewerebeingbornagainafterlongyearsofneglect.InEnglandduringthereignofQueenElizabethmanywritersappearedontheliteraryscene.Theireffortswerepartofanintellectualaswellasaliterarymovementthatbeganinthe14thcenturyinItalyandlaterspreadtoFrance,Spain,andEngland.ItwascalledRenaissanceanditsidealwasHumanism.,QueenElizabeth,Whatdoyouthinkshewaslike?,ElizabethanFashion,Shemustbestiflinginthatthing,Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝TheTragicHistoryofDoctorFaustus浮士德的悲剧TheJewofMalta马耳他岛的犹太人ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove,ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托夫马洛(1564-1593),MarlowewasthegreatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandthemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits”(大学才子派).Hefirstmadefulluseoftheblankverse.(无韵诗),thepioneerofEnglishdrama,Hisfamousplay,tellsthestoryofamanwhosoldhissoultothedevilinreturnforpower.,ElizabethanDrama:Marlowe,ChristopherMarloweHisstyleisthoughttohavebeenagreatinfluenceonShakespeare.Agovernmentagentmurdered?,WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirableinaction,howlikeanangelinapprehension,howlikeagod!Thebeautyoftheworld;theparagon(模范)ofanimals;andyettomewhatisthisquintessenceofdust?WilliamShakespeare（HamletAct2,Scene2),人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么幽默的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！可是在我看来，这一个泥土塑成的生命算得什么？（HamletAct2,Scene2),kwintesns精华,WilliamShakespeare,Alltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.AsYouLikeIt(Act2,scene7),WilliamShakespeare,Thefooldoththinkheiswise,butthewisemanknowshimselftobeafool.愚者自以为聪明,智者则有自知之明。AsYouLikeIt(ActV,SceneI),Nottopickbadfrombad,butbybadmend.不要以恶为师，而要以恶为鉴。奥赛罗Alittlemorethankin,andlessthankind.超乎寻常的亲族，漠不相关的路人。哈姆雷特Frailty,thynameiswoman!脆弱啊，你的名字是女人！哈姆雷特,WilliamShakespeare,WilliamShakespeare,Itistheeast,andJulietisthesun.那是东方，而朱丽叶就是太阳。RomeoandJuliet,WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),AnEnglishpoetandplaywright/DramatistwhoiswidelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworldspreeminent(卓越)dramatist.,WilliamShakespeareisprobablybest-knownliteraryfigureintheworld,butlittleisknownofhislife.HeisoftencalledEnglandsnationalpoetandthe“BardofAvon”.,Duringthe22yearsofhisliterarycareer,heproduced37plays,154sonnets(十四行诗,商籁诗)andsomelongpoems.,WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Birthplace:Stratford-upon-AvonToday,Shakespearesbirthplaceisamuseum.,Stratford-upon-Avon,ItissituatedintheheartoftheEnglishmidlands,amarkettowndatingbacktomedievaltimes.,WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),familybackground:merchant;the3rdof8kidsmarriage:in1582,marriedafarmergirlwhois8yearsolderthanhim.gottoLondon;becameanactorintheatreandplaywrightand“universal”shareholderoftroupe.,TheGlobeTheatre,wheredramatistWilliamShakespearesawhisplaysperformed400yearsago,hasbeenrebuiltnearitsoriginallocationonthesouthbankoftheThamesRiverinLondon,England.,DeathandBurialatStratford1610retiredfromtheatreDiesonApril23,1616atage52Indeath,heleavesafinalpieceofverseashisepitaph:Goodfriend,forJesussakeforbearTodigthedustenclosedhere.Blessedbethemanthatsparesthesestones,Andcursedbehethatmovesmybones.In1623Hermingehill,fill;enjoy,destroy.押韵押在两个音节上，后一音节非重读音节，称女韵，也叫双韵，听起来或轻快，或幽婉。如：lighting,fighting;motion,ocean;wining,beginning.看下面一节诗：Iamcoming,littlemaiden,Withthepleasantsunshineladen;Withthehoneyforthebee,Withtheblossomforthetree.前两行押女韵，后两行押男韵。,Meter(格律）,Meter(格)referstothearrangedpatterncomposedbystressedsyllableandunstressedsyllable.Itsbasicunitisfoot.(1)iambus(foot)_iambic(meter)(抑扬格)(2)trochee_trochaic(扬抑格)(3)dactyl_dactylic(扬抑抑格)(4)anapest_anapestic(抑抑扬格)(5)spondee_spondaic(扬扬格)(6)pyrrhic_pyrrhic(抑抑格),KindsofMeter(音步),(1)monometer(onefoot)(2)diameter(twofeet)(3)trimeter(threefeet)(4)tetrameter（fourfeet)(5)pentameter(fivefeet)(6)hexameter(sixfeet)(7)heptameter(sevenfeet)(8)octameter(8feet)iambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)iambictetrameter(四步抑扬格),Shakespeare,thee_you;thou_you;thy_yourart_are;hath_has;owst_owe/own;growst_grow;untrimmd_untrimmeddimmd_dimmed;,Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday,Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay.Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate;或许我可用夏日将你作比方，但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。夏风狂作常会摧落五月的矫蕊，夏季的期限也未免还不太长。,Sonnet18,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmd;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,有时候天眼如炬人间酷热难当，但转瞬又金面如晦常惹云遮雾障。每一种美都终究会凋残零落，或见弃于机缘，或受挫于天道无常。然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止，你优美的形象也永远不会消亡，,Sonnet18,Norshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst;Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.死神难夸口说你在它的罗网中游荡，只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆。只要人口能呼吸，人眼看得清，我这诗就长存，使你万世留芳。,StagesofDramasDevelopment,1.AncientGreekdrama:(6B.C.)Comedy:Birds/Frogs/Peace(Aristophanes:450-380B.C.)Threegreattragedydramatists:Aeschylus(525-456B.C.):PrometheusBound/Sophocles(496-406B.C.):OedipustheKing;Electra/Euripides(484-406B.C.):Medea;TrojanWomen.2.AncientRomandrama:(comedy)3.Mid-centurydramacameintobeingbyitsbasisontheritualsforthebirthofJesusandHisresurrection,thusitsreligious.Mysteryplay,miracleplayandmoralityplayarethethreekinds.4.Elizabethandrama(AgeofRenaissance),Classificationofhisworks,RomeoandJulietThebalconysceneThePartingSceneTheLegendofButterfly(LiangShanboIwillanswerit.Iamtoobold;tisnottomeshespeaks.Twoofthefaireststarsinalltheheaven,Havingsomebusiness,doentreathereyesTotwinkleintheirspherestilltheyreturn.Whatifhereyeswerethere,theyinherhead?ThebrightnessofhercheekwouldshamethosestarsAsdaylightdothalamp;hereyesinheavenWouldthroughtheairyregionstreamsobrightThatbirdswouldsingandthinkitwerenotnight.Seehowsheleanshercheekuponherhand!OthatIwereagloveuponthathand,ThatImighttouchthatcheek!,Romeo,Hamlet:Tobe,ornottobe-thatisthequestion:WhethertisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortuneOrtotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem.生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净.,HamletsSoliloquy(独白),Todie-tosleep-Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweendTheheartache,andthethousandnaturalshocksThatfleshisheirto.TisaconsummationDevoutlytobewishd.Todie-tosleep.Tosleep-perchancetodream:ay,therestherub!ForinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycomeWhenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,Mustgiveuspause.Therestherespect,Hamlet,Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife.Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,Thoppressorswrong,theproudmanscontumely,Thepangsofdespisdlove,thelawsdelay,Theinsolenceofoffice,andthespurnsThatpatientmeritofthunworthytakes,WhenhehimselfmighthisquietusmakeWithabarebodkin?Whowouldthesefardelsbear,Hamlet,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-Theundiscoverdcountry,fromwhosebournNotravellerreturns-puzzlesthewill,AndmakesusratherbearthoseillswehaveThanflytoothersthatweknownotof?Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall,AndthusthenativehueofresolutionIssickliedoerwiththepalecastofthought,AndenterprisesofgreatpitchandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawryAndlosethenameofaction.,Hamlet,Questions,Whysleepissofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks?Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?,HamletsSoliloquysllkw独白,ShakespearefocusedtheplayonthedeepconflictwithinthethoughtfulandidealisticHamletasheistornbetweenthedemandsofhisemotionsandthehesitantscepticismofhismind.Hamletrevealsthisconflictinseveralfamousandeloquentsoliloquies.,TheMerchantofVenice,Portia-Shakespearesidealwomanimage,whohasallthevirtuesawomancanpossess:beautiful,courteous,well-educatedandintelligent.,DualityofShylockBrutality-HeinsistsonhisonepoundoffleshfromAntoniosbodyVictimofracialprejudiceHeisaJewwhohasbeenregardedasinferiortoChristians.,SomeofthefiguresfromShakespearesdramashavebecomesomesetsymbolsormeaning.,Romeo-Manwhoisinlove;Juliet-WomanwhoisinLove;RomeoandJuliet-Imagesoftruelove,symboloffaithfulness.Hehamletedatthechanceandthenheregrettedforit.Heisashylock.-Hewasshylockedbyothersinthepast,butnowheshylocksothers.“aswiseasanowl”:BeforeMacbethmurderedthekingDuncan,anowlmakesstrangecries.Thusitgoes“aswiseasanowl”.,Shakespearesplaysforornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.,读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,Offriendship,Ithadbeenhardforhimthatspokeittohaveputmoretruthanduntruthtogetherinfewwords,thaninthatspeech,Whatsoeverisdelightedinsolitude,iseitherawildbeastoragod.,“喜欢孤独的人不是野兽便是神灵”。说这话的人若要在寥寥数语之中，更能把真理和邪说放在一处，那就很难了。,ParadiseLost(1667)ParadiseRegained(1671)复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士参孙(1671),Sonnets:OnHisBlindness,Agreatrevolutionarypoetof17thcentury.Anoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteer.Agreatstylist.Agreatmasterofblankverse(versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter).,JohnMilton(1608-1674),Hismasterpieces,ParadiseLost,alongepicin12books,inblankverse(无韵诗)StoriestakenfromTheBible:TheOldTestament;thecreation;therebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellow-angels;theirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven;ThecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve;thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod;SatanstemptationofEveandthedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden.Theme:theheroicrevoltagainstGodsauthority,ParadiseLost:Characters,Thetwomostessentialthings:Puritanismandhisrepublicanism.ParadiseLosttheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.themeofthepoemisSatanistherealheroofthepoemandrepresentsthespiritofrebellionagainstunjustauthority.SatanledarebellionagainstGodwithhisunconquerablewill.God:selfish,cruel,unjust-tyranny,monarchAdamandEve:symbolofMiltonsbeliefinthepowersofman.Theirlongingforknowledgeopensbeforemankindaroadtointelligentandactivelife.,ParadiseLost,AdamandEveExpelled,Satan,thetitleofvariousentities,bothhumananddivine,whochallengethefaithofhumansintheHebrewBibleInChristianityandIslamthetitlebecameapersonalname,andSatanchangedfromanaccuserappointedbyGodtotestmensfaithtothechiefoftherebelliousfallenangels,GustaveDor,DepictionofSatan,theantagonistofJohnMiltonsParadiseLostc.1866.,The18thcentury:TheAgeofR