英语语法之主谓一致

Welcometomyclass,主谓一致，是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。,主谓一致，是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。,主谓一致的三个原则,语法一致是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致关系，主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；反之，谓语动词用复数形式。Mychildhasnointentionofspendingavacationwithme.Mychildrenhavenointentionofspendingavacationwithme.,意义一致是说谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面上的语法标记。1.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。Themajorityofprimaryschoolteachersarewomen.2.主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。Nonewsisgoodnews.Billiardsisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinsomecities.,就近原则是指当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成时，谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致。Thereisasquaretableandsomechairsinthecenterofthedining-room.EitheryourstudentsorWilliamknowsthis.提示一般说来，究竟何时采用何种原则，应视英语习惯用法而定。但在实际使用中，如果对上述三种原则捉摸不定时，遵循语法一致的原则是一种比较稳妥的方法。,1.用and(或both.and)连接并列主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。Ahammerandasawareusefultools.当and连接的两个名词是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西，或表示同一个人或一种概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。Thewriterandteacherisspeakingatthemeeting.必背英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：ironandsteel钢铁aneedleandthread针线aimandend目的goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly早睡早起awatchandchain一块带链的表acartandhorse一辆马车acoatandtie配有领带的上衣breadandbutter黄油面包lawandorder治安aknifeandfork刀叉,2.一个名词为几个并列形容词所修饰时，这时主语和谓语动词的一致关系一般遵循语法一致的原则。Cleverandslowstudentsaretreatedalike.Ablackandwhitekittenwasfoundinthegardenyesterday.比较Ablackandawhitedogsareplayingintheyard.Ablackandwhitedogisplayingintheyard.3.在each.andeach.,every.andevery.,no.andno.等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。Eachboyandeachgirlhasanapple.Everyhourandeveryminuteisprecious.Nobirdandnobeastisseenonthelonelyisland.4.带有并列动词的what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定动词的数。Whathesaysanddoesdonotagree.Whathesaysanddoesdoesnotconcernme.5.在某些成语中，一些并列主语用and相连时，其后谓语用单数。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.,以or,either.or,neither.nor,not.but,notonly.butalso等连接的名词(代词)作并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。NeitherhenorIamwillingtogoshoppingtoday.Notthestudentsbuttheirteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Areeitheryouorhetogothere?是你还是他将去那里？Neitheris.,主语后跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。Themanager,ratherthantheworkers,isresponsiblefortheloss.Nobodybutthreepolicemenwasonthespot.,形复意单的名词作主语(即形式为复数，意义为单数)，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。1.许多学科名称，如mathematics,physics,economics,politics，以及news等名词作主语时，动词用单数。Newsistravelingfastnowadays.2.用作国名、组织机构、书名、报刊名等复数形式的专有名词作为整体对待，谓语用单数。TheTimesreportsthenewsofthestrike.GreatExpectationswaswrittenbyDickensin1860.点津坊如果山脉、群岛、瀑布等名称作主语时，谓语动词用复数。TheGreatLakesliebetweentheUSAandCanada.五大湖在美国和加拿大两国之间。ThePhilippinesareinthewesternPacificOceansoutheastofChina.菲律宾群岛在中国东南太平洋西部。TheNiagaraFallsarethefallsontheNiagaraRiver.尼亚加拉瀑布位于尼亚加拉河上。,3.一些形复意单的名词，包括有成双成套部分的衣物或工具名称，作主语时，谓语用复数。Mybluetrousershavebeenwornout.Hisglassesarenew.提示这些名词如用apairof修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Theshoesareunderthebed.鞋在床下。Thepairofshoesisunderthebed.这双鞋在床下。4.单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数；用作复数意义时，谓语有复数。这类名词有：sheep,deer,fish,means,works,species,Chinese,Japanese等。The(This)glassworkswassetupin1986.Thisspeciesofroseisveryrare.比较当这类名词前有a,sucha,this,that,every修饰时，谓语用单数；有all,such,these,those修饰时，谓语用复数。Everymeanshasbeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.Allmeanshavebeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.,集合名词表示有若干个体组成的集合体，如army,audience,class,club,company,crowd,government,group,party,population,team,union等。1.集合名词作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数，若表示构成该集合体的成员，则谓语动词用复数。Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.Butthemansfamilywassmallonlyhimselfandhiswife.2.有些集合名词，如cattle,folk亲属),people,police,youth等，作主语时，谓语动词用复数，即所谓的“形单意复”。Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thecattlearegrazinginthefield.3.有些无生命(表示物)的集合名词作主语，谓语用单数。Allthefurnitureinmyroomisnew.Hasyourluggagearrivedyet?Alotofhikingequipmentisneededhere.,1.名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。Oursisagreatcountry.Yourshoesareblack,andminearebrown.2.such,thesame等指示代词作主语时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。Suchareherwishes.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanwithgreatachievements.3.关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogoforapicnicpleaseputupyourhands.点津坊在oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但当one之前有the,theonly等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。Sheistheonlyoneofthegirlswhosingsbest.,4.疑问代词who,what,which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Wholivesupstairs?ItisXiaoWang.Wholivenextdoor?ItisLiandZhang.5.不定代词作主语时，有以下两种情况：some,all,any,none,more,most等词可以指复数名词和不可数名词，它们作主语时，视其文中的意义，判断动词用单数还是复数的形式。Nonearesogoodasthosewhoarealwaysreadytohelpothers.Noneissogoodashe.提示在口语中，noneof+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数均可，要以说话人所想的而定。Noneofthetelephonesworks/work.some,all,any,none,more,most等词接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词用复数形式。Mostofthecolourblindpeoplearemen.Mostofhissparetimewasspentinreading.,1.数词作主语，不论指人还是指物，谓语通常用复数。Abouttwentyknowthesecret.大约二十人知道这个秘密。Sixaremissing.丢了六个。2.morethanone+单数名词结构作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。但more+复数名词+thanone结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。Morethanonepersonhasknownthenews.Morestudentsthanoneareforyourproposal.3.oneoutoften或oneinten结构作主语，谓语动词应按照语法一致的原则，用单数。Oneoutoftenwasbadlyinjuredintheaccident.4.a+单数名词+ortwo结构作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。但oneortwo+复数名词结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。Awordortwoismissinghere.Oneortwofriendsarecomingfordinnerthisevening.,5.manya+单数名词结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。Manyapassengerwaskilledintheaccident.Manyaboyhasbeentothecastle.6.oneandahalf+复数名词结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.Oneandahalfyearshaspassed.7.分数或百分数+of+名词结构作主语，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Three-fourthsofitssurfaceoftheearthissea.Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.8.用plus/and表示“加”，用minus表示“减”，和用times表示“乘”时，动词多用单数，但也可用复数。Twoandtwois/arefour.Tentimesfiveis/arefifty.点津坊用from表示“被减”，multipliedby表示“被乘”或dividedby表示“被除”，其谓语动词用单数。8from10leaves2.10减8等于2。25dividedby5equals5.,9.时间、价格、距离等作为整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式。Fiftykilometersisalongdistance.Fourthousanddollarsismorethanshecanafford.点津坊若强调这类结构的复数意义，谓语动词也可用复数形式。Sixyearshavepassedsincemyfatherlefthome.Thefiftymileswerecoveredbythewinnerinthreehours.10.“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,aheapof,amassof,halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为of后面的名词是中心词，而of前面的量词是修饰语。Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.Lotsofgoodsweresenttherebyair.Halfoftheorangesarebad.Halfofthefoodisunfittoeat.,11.在anumber/totalof+名词复数结构中，中心词是名词，谓语动词用复数形式。但在thenumber/totalof+名词复数结构中，中心词却是number或total，故谓语动词用单数形式Anumberofstudentsareplayingbasketballontheplayground.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookis900.12.在agreatdealof/alargeamountof+不可数名词结构作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但largeamountsof+不可数名词结构作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontheproject.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthefreeway.13.therestof+可数名词或不可数名词结构作主语，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Therestofthestudentsarewateringtrees.Therestofthewinehasgonebad.,1.不定式短语、动词-ing形式和名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Doingexperimentsisagoodwaytofindoutanswerstoquestions.ThatIshallworkwithyouisagreatpleasure.点津坊what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容如果是复数意义时，谓语动词可用复数形式。Whatwewantismoretime.Whattheyneedinthatareaaredoctorsandnurses.Whatshelefthimaresomeoldphotos.,名词化的形容词指的是the+形容词结构，如：thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thewounded,theinjured,theunemployed,thedying,theliving等。当这种结构作主语，表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式；但也有少数的形容词与定冠词连用指个别的或表示抽象的概念时，谓语动词用单数。Theyoungaremoreactivethantheoldinthework.Thebeautifulislovedbyall.必背下列词属于表示抽象的概念，谓语动词需用单数。theevil恶theugly丑thelatest最新情况theunknown未知的事therough难处理的事theworst最坏的事theforeign外国的事情theunreal不真实的事thelovely漂亮的东西themystical神秘的东西,倒装句的谓语动词的单复数应根据主语而定。Onthewallwereseveralfamouspaintings.,/,Itissaidthatthegreatpoetandwriterhavecometo1,_ourschool.HewillgiveusalectureaboutEnglishlearning.Hebroughtsomebooksherethistime.Partofthebooksiswrittenbyhimself.Fromhisbooks2,_wewillknow20%oftheworkersinhiscountryis3,_womenandahammerandasawisthewomensonly4,_tools.Healsobroughtaredandbigapplehere,butmostoftheapplewereeatenbyaratlastnight.He5,_isaninterestingman.Breadandbutterarehis6,_favoritefood.Whatsmore,histrousersisnew.7,_Butneitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowanything8,_aboutit.Hewillstayinourschoolforthreedays.Mostofthestudentsthinkthreedaysarenotalong9,_time.Wehopehewillenjoyhimselfhere.Youaswellasheiswelcomedtothelecture.10,_,has,are,are,are,was,is,are,knows,is,are,1.Everyteacherandeverystudent_foundaStudentsUnion.A.hasB.haveC.expectstoD.hopeto2.Nobodybutthem_toknowaboutthematter.A.wantB.wantsC.havewantedD.werewanted3.Nothingbuttrousers_inthatsmallshop.A.wasworthyof20$B.wereworth20$C.wascost20$D.waspaid20$for4.Thedictionaryaswellasthebooksthat_picturesinthem_toher.A.has;belongsB.have;arebelongedC.has;belongD.have;belongs5.20%oftheworkofthewholeyear_finishedbytheirgrouplastmonth.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wereD.was,c,B,D,D,D,6.Aknifeandfork_onthetable.A.isB.areC.hasbeenD.havebeing7.Neitherhisparentsnorhiswife_anythingaboutit.A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknown8.Fivedollars_toomuchforaticket.A.seemsB.seemC.seemtobeD.are9.Mostoftheapples_.A.wasrottenB.wererottenC.hasrottenD.haverotten10.Aboutonethirdoftheworkersinthatfactory_youngpeople.A.isB.hasbeenC.areD.havebeen,A,B,A,B,C,11.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents_thechange.A.objecttoB.objectstoC.objectD.objects12.Everymeans_triedsincethen.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.areD.is13.Thispairoftrousers_mysister.A.isbelongtoB.arebelongC.belongtoD.belongsto114.Ourteam_defeatedbytheirslastSunday.A.wasB.hadbeenC.hasbeenD.havebeen115.Ourteam_takingshowerswhenthedoorwasknockedopen.A.wasB.areC.wereD.havebeen,A,A,D,A,C,1.I,whoateachermustbestrictandcarefulineverything.A.isB.am2.WhatthepopulationofBeijing?A.isB.are3.TheChineseagreatpeople.A.isB.are4.Awomanwithababycominghere.A.isB.are5.Thegirlaswellastheboyslearnedtodriveacar.A.hasB.have6.Tofinishtheworkhardwork.A.needsB.need7.Noteacherandstudentintheschool.A.isB.are8.Wheneveranything,pleasestayherequietly.A.happensB.happen.9.Manyamanthestory.A.believesB.believe,B,A,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,10.Morethanfivemendiedintheaccident.A.hasB.have11.thereanypolicearound?A.IsB.Are12.Mytrousersdirty.A.isB.are13.Apairofglasseslyingonthechair.A.isB.are14.Ayearandahalfalreadypassed.A.hasB.have15.Thenumberofthestudentswhopartintheentranceexaminationgreat.A.takes,isB.takes,areC.take,isD.take,are16.Twelvepercentoftheworkersherewomen.A.isB.are17.Hisfamilynotverylarge.A.isB.are18.HisfamilywatchingTV.A.isBare,B,B,B,A,A,C,B,A,B,19.Mostoftheearthcoveredwithwater.A.isB.are20.MostofthecarsmadeinShanghai.A.isB.are21.Allnotgoldthatglitters.A.isB.are22.Manysheeplookedafterbytheoldman.A.isB.are23.Breadandbuttertheirdailyfood.A.isB.are24.Nowanumberofyoungm