英语阅读技巧与策略 Sentence structure

Sentencemeaning,WordtoSentence,Readingisaprocessofcommunicationbetweenthewriterandthereader.Theresponsibilityofthereaderistocomprehendthewritersmessageinasaccurateawayasispossible.Todothis,thereadermustactivelytrytomakesenseofthewrittenmessagebythinkingaboutwhatthewriterissaying.,Wearenotreadingthewords,butwhatthewordsareconnectedtomake:sentencesandpassages.,管中窥豹“什么主谓宾、定状补、从句、短语，我们从初中就开始学了。这些语法知识又枯燥又难记，老师讲了，当时似乎明白，结果自己一做题就错，句子结构越看越糊涂。遇到稍微长点的句子就更别提了，有时候连主谓宾都分不清楚，真烦人！”马婷一边做题，一边向旁边的同学抱怨着。旁边的同学点点头，似乎深有同感。,下列图片哪个像汉语句子结构，哪个像英语句式结构呢,由于英汉两种语言属于不同的语系，无论在句法、句子结构和表达方式上都有显著的区别。关于汉英句子的一个形象比喻是，英语句子是树式结构，而汉语句子是竹式结构。所谓英语的树式结构，指的是英语的主干结构（即主、谓、宾）突出，就像一颗树的主干。而这些主干上往往又附有一些枝杈和树叶，即用各种关系词把一些修饰性的从句和短语挂靠在主谓宾上，就宛如一棵枝繁叶茂的参天大树。就是因为这种特点，英语中经常有一些结构比较复杂的长句，往往从句里又含从句，短语中又有短语，盘根错节，十分复杂。尽可能长的写下一个英语句子,Example:Afterthemorningballgameandbeforetheeveningcampfire,JackandJillwentslowlyupthehillandfetchedalargepailofcoolandcleanwatertobeusedincookingthemealforthefamilyreuniontobeheldthatafternoonattheparkbythelakewheremanypeoplewatchedfireworksontheFourthofJuly,所以理论上讲，英语的句子是可以无限扩展下去的。正是因为汉英两种语言在句子方面的巨大差异，使得中国学生在面对英语句子，尤其是一些复杂的长难句时犹如“雾里看花”，不知所措。而汉语的竹式结构，则是因为汉语的句子一般动词较多，长句较少。表达时会层层铺开，有如一根竹子，一节之后又生一节，一步一步接连下去。,正是英语的这种树形特点，使得它的句子结构层次分明，主次可辨。无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。只要找到了句子的主干，再一一剔除枝叶，那么再长再难的句子都是一个简单的结构。首先确定句子的基本句型，找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干，然后划出句子中的从句（包括定语从句、状语从句）和短语，最后分析从句的及其短语的内部结构。就这样，用庖丁解牛的方式，一个长难句就被一层一层分解了。,Sentencestructure,Sentencestructure,Sixelements:subject,predicate,predicative,object,attributeandadverbialDotheyhavethesamepositionofimportanceinasentence?Whichelementsaremoreimportantthanothers?Whatarethefunctionsofeachelement?,CorePartsofaSentence,Grammar:subjectandpredicate.Subject:whoorwhatisthesentenceabout?Predicate:whatisbeingsaidaboutthesubject?,Subjectandpredicateareindispensableforsentence.Objectandpredicativeareindispensableforsomesentences.Attributeandadverbialareattachment,forfurtherexplanationorsupplement.Generally,theyhavenoinfluenceonsentencemainstructure.,CorepartsModifyingparts,Threeclauses：名词性从句(nominalclause)：主语从句(subjectclause)、宾语从句(objectclause)、同位语从句(appositiveclause)、表语从句(predicativeclause)形容词性从句(adjectiveclause)：定语从句(attributiveclause)副词性从句：状语从句(adverbialclause)（包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）Fivephrases:介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语以及形容词短语。,Example,1.AboutfiveoclockHarrytelephonedtofindoutwhythestorehadnotdeliveredtheairconditionerhehadboughtthatmorning.Coreparts:Whoorwhatisthesentenceabout(WhatistheSubject)?Whatisbeingsaidaboutthesubject(Whatisthepredicate)?Otherparts:When?Why?Thebasicmeaningoressentialthoughtofthissentenceis_.,Compoundsentence(并列句),Compoundsentence:sentencethathastwoessentialthoughtsjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction.YoucanFindmorethanoneessentialthoughts.E.g.2.Parentsknowthatcommercialsaresometimesexaggerated,butchildrenoftenbelieveeverythingtheysee.3.TheplanetMarsisfartherawayfromthesun,soithasalowertemperaturethanEarth.,Complexsentence(复合句),Complexsentence:sentencewithanmainclauseandasubordinateclause.Mainclause:theclausethatmakessensebyitself.subordinateclause:theclausethatcantmakesensebyitselfbutdependsontherestofthesentencetomakesense.E.g.,Everyonecouldseethattheessayiswellwritten.Sheisgoingtoseeafriendwhowasatschoolwithher.,Exercise,Identifytheessentialandthemoreimportantthought(s)inthefollowingsentence.HavinglearnedindirectlythatRebeccawaspregnantwithhischild,JohnnycamebackfromParistoconfrontherwiththequestionofwhatshewasgoingtodoaboutthechildshewascarrying.,Compound-complexsentence,Shetriedononeoftheshoeswhichtheassistanthadbroughtbutitwasuncomfortablytightsosheremoveditquicklyandhandeditbackwiththeremarkthatshehadnointentionofhobblingbetweenhercarandherfrontdoorstep.,ReadingPunctuation,Punctuationmarksaresometimesoverlookedbystudentsastheyread.Theresultisoftenamisunderstandingofthesentence.Althoughtheyaresmall,punctuationmarksarebigwhenitcomestosentencecomprehension.,Exercise,A.Mr.JonesaskedtoseeJimandthencalledinBill;thecaptainofourteam,Joe,saidhethoughtwewerenext.B.Mr.JonesaskedtoseeJimandthencalledinBill,thecaptainofourteam;Joesaidhethoughtwewerenext.1.InsentenceA,whoisthecaptainoftheteam?2.InsentenceB,whoisthecaptainoftheteam?,A.WhenIlookedintotheroom,IsawMaryseatedatthedesk;Jimwasatworkonthecomputeranddidnothearmecall.B.WhenIlookedintotheroom,IsawMary;seatedatthedesk,Jimwasatworkonthecomputeranddidnothearmecall.1.InsentenceA,whowasseatedatthedesk?2.InsentenceB,whowasseatedatthedesk?,A.Thetreatywassignedbythreenationsinvolvedintheborderdisputein1986;onenationrefusedtoabidebyallagreements,however,andthebattlesbeganonceagain.B.Thetreatywassignedbythreenationsinvolvedintheborderdispute;in1986onenationrefusedtoabidebyallagreements,however,andthebattlesbeganonceagain.1.InsentenceA,whathappenedin1986?2.InsentenceB,whathappenedin1986?,Foursteps,一、找主干，明结构句子的主干即主语和谓语，如果动词是及物动词，还要记得找出宾语。找到了句子的主干，那句子的大概结构也一目了然了，是简单句还是复合句，是并列复合句还是主从复合句，是主动语态还是被动语态，是强调句型，虚拟语气，倒装结构还是普通句型。这样确定了句子的主要结构，脑子里就会有一个大致的框架了。,二、理枝干，明层次主干清理出来了，就应该梳理枝干了。这里说的枝干就是修饰主干或主干某个成分的各种从句和短语，包括定语从句，状语从句，介词短语，分词短语，不定式短语等，可以称之为首要修饰成分。有时候为了结构需要，一些状语或宾语补足语会提前。这时候一定要把层次明确了，否则很容易误解句意。找到这些枝干了，再分析它和主干的各种关系，主次两层就像油和水一样分开了。,三、划枝叶，明关系枝干理清了，就该轮到枝干上的叶子了，或者说次要修饰成分。这时候，仔细分析上边已经梳理出来的从句和短语的内部结构，主语、谓语、修饰成分等一一分解开来。那么这层层相嵌，环环相扣的修饰和被修饰关系就一清二楚了。,四、归纳整理，分析重组在分析完所有的成分之后，脑子里虽然对的句子结构有了一条主线了，但是仍然有些混乱。这时候，一定趁热打铁，对句子的各个成分及之间的各种关系进行归纳整理，然后打破句子原有顺序，按先主后次的顺序进行重组，最后得出句子的详细结构和句意。,ApanelofeducationexpertsandresearchersonThursdayproposedabroadreconfigurationoffederalpoliciesonfinancialaidforcollege,includingasimplerapplicationprocess,Pellgrantmaximumslinkedtotheconsumerpriceindexand,mostradically,federallyfinancedcollegesavingsaccountsforchildreninlow-incomefamilies.(P45)Whichofthefollowingisnotincludedinthefederalpoliciesproposedbytheeducationexpertsandresearchers?A.asimplerapplicationprocessB.PellgrantmaximumsC.consumerpriceindexD.collegesavingsaccounts,Summary,Readingandwritingarecloselyrelatedprocesses.Understandthestructureofasentence:who,what,when,where,whyandhow?Thecoreparts:subjectandpredicateCompoundsentence:morethanoneessentialthought,semicolontoseparatetheessentialthoughts.Complexsentence:twothoughts,oneismoreimportantthantheother.Punctuation,StructureAnalysisExercises,Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumightsurprise!falloff.,Placesthatuntilrecentlyweredeafanddumbarerapidlyacquiringup-to-datetelecommunicationsthatwillletthempromotebothinternalandforeigninvestment.(P48.1)Butasingleopticalfiberwithadiameteroflessthanhalfamillimetercancarrymoreinformationthanalargecablemadeofcopperwires.,Asurveyofnewstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.(P48.5),Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.,Inhisautobiography，Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.