2020高考英语二轮复习课堂学案课件-阅读理解之词义猜测题

,专题三阅读理解,真题感悟,名师点津,随堂限时练,第三节词句猜测题,一、词义猜测题,PART1,真题感悟,(2019江苏，B)Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnaturethatswhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldntfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.,Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro，whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943，aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis，however，asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack，leavingbehindavasthole，thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype，butChristiansencouldntfindthecalderaanywhere.,JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera：almostthewholepark2.2millionacreswascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacrossmuchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.,语篇解读本文主要讲述了BobChristiansen探寻黄石国家公园的火山的故事。,58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.,解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano”可知，BobChristiansen对黄石国家公园的火山的准确位置感到困惑。,59.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.,解析段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro”和“asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.avasthole”可知，该段主要讲两类火山的形状。,60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow-up”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Birdsview.,解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.aniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos.”可知，thephotos所指的就是前面提及的blow-up，所以推断blow-up相当于photo(photograph)，故选C项。,PART2,名师点津,一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解中每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些生词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有：1.Theword“.”refersto/probablymeans.2.Theunderlinedword“.”couldbestbereplacedby.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“.”standsfor?4.Bysaying“.”wemean.,5.“.”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas.6.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“.”？7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“.”inParagraph.mean?8.Theunderlinedword“.”isclosestinmeaningto.,二、解题技巧巧用线索猜词义1.根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：(2018江苏，B)WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,试题：Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,分析：所猜测短语nonethewiser后面出现了破折号来进行解释说明，我们可推知那些被给予大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A。,2.根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。,3.根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since，sothat，so/such.that.等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteachersdirections，hetoldme，andthus，Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.DidntheknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?,试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Breaking.B.Following.C.Attending.D.Disturbing.,分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“因此，我儿子Scola干扰了课堂秩序”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。,4.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，Florida.,试题：Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.,分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴。故选A项。,5.根据反义、转折和对比关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.,试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedate”probablymean?A.Wildandromantic.B.Slowandpeaceful.C.Hungryandthirsty.D.Activeandexcited.,分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“慢悠悠的，安静的”。,6.根据上下文进行猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。例如：(2016全国，C)Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit，soitsapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.,试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.,分析：由上文中的“OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit.”可知，尽管OrleansReinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。,PART3,随堂限时练,A(2019如皋市高三二模)Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.10Ofcourse，mostcollegestudentsshouldntbedrinkingatall，butweknowfromtheNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismthatcloseto60percentofcollegestudentsaged18to22do7consumealcohol，whichmakesharm-reducingapproachesimportant.,Unfortunately，campusauthoritiesandresearchersarereportingapracticethatturnsthefull-stomachdrinking2strategyonitshead：ratherthanfillingupbeforeanightofpartying，6significantnumbersofstudentsrefusetoeatalldaybeforeconsumingalcohol.Thisisahigh-riskbehaviorcalled“drunkorexia，”whichisoneparteatingdisorder，onepartalcoholismaverydangerouscombinationforcollege-agestudents.Thetermdrunkorexia，whichcanalsoincludeexcessiveexerciseorpurgingbeforeconsumingalcohol，wascoinedabout10yearsago，anditstartedshowingupinmedicalresearcharound2012.Drunkorexia9addressestheneedtobethelifeofthepartywhilestayingextremelythin，pointingtoaflawedmind-setaboutbodyimageandalcoholismamongcollegestudents，mostlywomen.,Imaginethisscenario：Afemalecollegefreshmandoesnteatanythingallday，exercisesonanemptystomach，thendownsfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohours.Becausetheresnofoodinhersystemtohelpslowtheabsorptionofalcohol，thoseshotsaffectherrapidly，leadingtoinebriationandpossiblypassingout，vomitingorsufferingalcoholpoisoning.Thatsdrunkorexia.,TavisGlassman，professorofhealtheducationandpublichealthattheUniversityofToledoinOhio，researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，andthatbringsupthesame1issuesaswithanyhigh-riskdrinking：gettinghomesafely，sexualassault，unintentionalinjury，fights，hangoversthataffectclassattendanceandgrades，andpossiblyendingupinemergencybecausethealcoholhitssohard，”hesays.“Alcoholcannegativelyaffecttheliverorgastrointestinalsystem，itcaninterferewithsleep，lowertheimmunesystemandislinkedtoseveraltypesofcancers，”Hultinsays.,语篇解读本文为说明文。本文叙述了作者对大学生空腹饮酒趋势的担忧。根据研究的数据表明，大学生有一种错误的做法：在派对狂欢饮酒前拒绝进食，空腹饮酒既解决了生活中参加派对的需要，也保持了身材苗条的需要(尤其是女性)。其实“空腹饮酒”会让酒精快速进入人体，对肝脏或胃肠道系统产生负面影响。,1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inebriated”inParagraph1mean?A.Excited.B.Overwhelmed.C.Addicted.D.Drunk.,解析词义猜测题。根据“Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.”可知，应饱着肚子喝酒，否则的话，你会很快“喝醉的”。下文多处叙述“空腹饮酒易喝醉”，由此可推知画线词的意思为“喝醉的”。故选D。,2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.alargenumberofcollegestudentsspendmostoftheirnightspartyingB.somecollegestudentsrefusetoeatbeforedrinkingalcoholtokeepslimC.thereisadirectlinkbetweenbodyimageandconsumingalcoholD.femalecollegestudentismorelikelytobehurtifshedrinksalcohol,解析推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“空腹饮酒既解决了生活中参加派对的需要，也保持了身材苗条的需要，指出的是大学生(女性居多)对于身体形象和酗酒风气的错误心态。”由此可得出，一些大学生为了保持苗条，在喝酒前不吃东西。分析选项可知B项符合题意。,3.WhichofthefollowingmayTavisGlassmanagreewith?A.Withmorefoodinonessystem，hemaysufferfromtheeffectsofalcoholslowly.B.Drinkingfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohoursistheperformanceofdrunkorexia.C.Thosewhodontattendclassesandhavelowergradestendtobeaddictedtoalcohol.D.Alcoholhasnegativeeffectsontheimmunesystemandmayleadtoseveralcancers.,解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“TavisGlassman.researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，.”可知，TavisGlassman认为“她的身体系统中没有任何东西，酒精进入身体会很快发作，”由此可推断出，“由于一个人的身体里有更多的食物，他受到酒精的影响可能会慢”，分析选项可知A项正确。,B(2019如皋市高三三模)AreCoralReefs(珊瑚礁)AdaptingtoClimateChange?,Scientistsreportedthatclimatechangemightactuallybehelping3ancienttreesthrive(长得健壮).Nowthereseemstobemorepositivenewsthistimeaboutthecoralinouroceanswhosepopulationhasbeenseverelyaffectedinlastfewdecadesbyrisingtemperatures，diseaseandhumancarelessness.,Coralreefsasyouprobablyknowarenotjustcolorfulcalciumcarbonate(钙碳酸盐)structuresthatprovidesheltertoawonderfulnumberoffish，butalsoacloserelationshiporpartnershipbetweencoralpolyps(珊瑚虫)andsingle-celledlivingthingscalledzooxanthellae(虫黄藻).Thecoralpolypsgivethezooxanthellaeahomeandinreturnthelaterprovidethecoralpolypswiththeirvividcolorandfood.Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.,Scientistsestimatethephenomenonofrisingtemperaturescombinedwithdiseasehasdestroyedthecoralreefpopulationbymorethan80%.Itisthereforenowonderthatscientistsallovertheworldarelookingforsolutionstotrytorestorethisallimportantlinktosealife.11However，whilehumaneffortslikeplantingthecoralagainhavebeensomewhatsuccessful，theyarenotenoughtoreplaceallthecoralthathasbeendyingduetoclimatechange.Thatisprobablywhyreportsbyvariousresearchersaboutcertaintypesofcoralbeingabletonotonlysurvivethechangingoceanconditions，butalsothriveinit，arebeingmetwithsuchenthusiasm.Themostrecentfindingsshowthatdespitehighertemperaturesthecoralreefsseemtobethriving.,Thesefindingsare4consistentwiththelabresearchconductedbythescientistswhotriedgrowingdifferent8varietiesofcoralinwaterswithhighertemperaturetoseehowtheywouldreact.Theyweresurprisedtodiscoverthatmostofthemsurvivedandsomeseemedtoadaptandgrownormally.Encouragedbytheseandothersimilarfindings，moreenergeticspecieshavebeenintroducedtoseeifcoralreefscanberestoredtotheirformerglory.Aprogramisbusyanalyzingtheworldsoceanstofindmorevarietiesthatcanbeusedforthissamepurpose.,However，wearenotoutofthewoodsyet!Scientistsarestillnotsurehowtheywouldintroducethesevarietiestoareaswheretheyarenotabundantandmoreimportantlywhattheconsequenceswouldbeonthesurroundingsealife.Hopefully，the5combinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain!,语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了实验表明，通过引入更有活力的物种，珊瑚礁有望恢复昔日的辉煌。,4.Whichwordcanbeusedtocompletethefollowingrelationship?Coralreefsareabridgebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellae.Coralpolypsandzooxanthellaedependononeanother.Thebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellaeissufferingfromseveredamage.A.homeB.structureC.balanceD.color,解析细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.”可知，珊瑚虫和黄藻之间的平衡正遭受严重破坏，故选C。,5.TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph4mean.A.toallowcoralreefstothriveagainB.tofindmorevarietiesofcoralC.tosurvivethechangingoceanconditionsD.toseehowcoralreactsinhighertemperature,解析词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句及其前一句可知，“thissamepurpose”指的是让珊瑚礁重新繁荣起来，故选A。,6.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.climatechangehasthesameeffectonbothancienttreesandcoralB.re-plantingthecoralcansolvetheproblemofcoralreefsdecreaseC.variousresearchersareinterestedinthereportsonthechangingoceanconditionsD.thelabresearchhasencouragedscientiststorestorecoralreefstotheirformerglory,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Hopefully，thecombinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain！”可推断出，这项实验室研究鼓励科学家们恢复珊瑚礁昔日的辉煌，故选D。,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词