语法总复习(动词不定式)改进

动词不定式,动词不定式表目的，表将来,一、不定式结构作主语,Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：Itsagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.,考点1:注：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”,表评价意义.如：Itsveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.做主语时，todo表一次性将来的动作，doing表习惯性的动作,二、不定式结构作表语,1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.考点2:2主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等抽象名词为中心词的名词词组，或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：主语是以what,all,theonlything开头的包含do的句子中,动词不定式中to可以省略.如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.toblame,todo常用主动表被动.Heistoblame.Muchremainstodo.,三、不定式结构作动词宾语,1考点3:“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,attempt,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,strive,等，例如：Ivearrangedtomeethimattenoclock.Ididntthink/expecttofindyouhere.2“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idontknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaventdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.,注：我们可以用it作形式宾语,用动词不定式作实际宾语.例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注意prefer的用法A.prefertodoIprefertostayathome.B.prefersth.tosth./preferdoingsth.todoingsth.Ipreferteatocoffee.Iprefersingingtodancing.C.prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.Iprefertogoswimmingratherthangoboating.,四、不定式结构作定语,1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：Itstimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.如果该被修饰的名词有其他后置定语,动词不定式往往放在后置定语之后.例如:Ihavegotsomethingveryimportanttotellyou.,2不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：考点4:Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Letsfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.Youshouldhavenothingtoworryabout.3有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组，如：Heresabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.,五、不定式结构作状语,不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。,1表示目的：Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上2句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.,注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时，通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.注：考点5:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但却不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.,2.表示结果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：soastoWouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?such()astoImnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.enoughtoTheboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.tootoHiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：Imonlytoogladtogo.(=Imverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很,不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生,例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：Imgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.Imgladtoseeyou.),七、不定式的完成式有下列用法,1构成复合谓语，如：(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.,2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=ImsorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.（主语）Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.（定语）Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.（复合宾语）Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.（复合宾语),类推,如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。,八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法,1构成复合谓语，如：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：Wedidntexpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.4有时可以作主语或状语，如：Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.(状语)Itsniceofyoutobethinkingofus.(主语),九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.Shewishedtohavebeentrainingashardastheothers.Itsagreatpleasuretohavebeenworkingwithyou.,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。,十、不定式的被动形式有下列用法,1作主语：Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.2作宾语：SheaskedtobesenttoworkinXinjiang.3构成复合宾语：Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidntlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.4构成复合谓语：Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.5作定语：Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachersoffice?6作状语：Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.,十一、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.（主语）Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.(宾语)）Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.（复合宾语）Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.（复合谓语）Shewasthefi