语法 名词性从句(高三复习)

名词性从句,NounClauses,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,主语从句在句中做-宾语从句在句中做-表语从句在句中做-同位语从句在句中-,主语,宾语,表语,同位语,1.Thathewillcomeiscertain.,2.Iknowthathewillcome.,3.ThetruthisthatIhavebeenthere.,4.Thefactthatshewaslatesurprisedus.,在复合句中起名词作用的整个从句叫做。,在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。,引导名词性从句的关联词,关联词,1.连词that,if/whether2.连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which,whichever等.3.连接副词when,where,why,how等.,突破名词性从句的关键：“缺什么补什么”原则,thatwhetherwhowhomwhosewhatwhichwhenwherewhyhow,从句引导词:,1._heknowsJapaneseisknowntoall.,他懂英语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3._hewillcomeisunknown.,4._heiscomingdoesntmattermuch.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,That无词义无成分,不可省略,What“什么”,“所.的样子/内容”在从句中充当主语，宾语，或表语,2._surprisedmewastoseehimhere.,When“什么时候”,主语从句只用whether不用if,位于句首,一、主语从句subjectclause,That,What,When,Whether,突破名词性从句的关键：“缺什么补什么”原则,5._breakstherulewillbepunished.,Whoever,1.Itwasquiteclear_hisunclewasfondofmusic.2.Itisimportantthatwe_(study)hard.3.Itremainsasecret_theyclimbedupthemountain.,注意：主语从句一般位于句首，但有时也可置于形式主语it引导的句子中，位于谓语动词之后。连词that不可省，在从句中不充当成分，只起连接作用.,that,(should)study,how,主语太长了!放到句尾,(1)Itis名词从句Itisafactthat事实是Itisanhonorthat非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisnowonderthat=Nowonderthat难怪(2)Itis形容词从句Itisnatural/strange/important/obviousthat很自然/奇怪的/很重要的是/很明显的是Itislikelythat=sb./sth.islikelytodo很有可能(3)It不及物动词从句Ithappenedthat碰巧Itseems/appearsthat似乎Itoccurstomethat我突然想到(4)Itis过去分词从句Itisreported/saidthat据报道,/据说=Sb./Sth.isreported/saidtodo/bedoing/havedone(5)Itdoesntmatter/makesnodifferencewh-没关系/影响。,有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,it作形式主语的结构,It+be+形容词that从句,Itisnecessarythat有必要Itisimportantthat.重要的是Itisobviousthat很明显,It+be+-ed分词that从句,Itisbelievedthat人们相信Itisknowntous/allthat.众所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat已经决定,用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：,It+be+名词that从句,Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisasurprisethat.令人惊奇的是Itisafactthat事实是,It+不及物动词that从句,Itappearsthat似乎Ithappensthat.碰巧Itoccurredtomethat我突然想起,Itisobviousthatheisthebeststudentinclass.,_isobvious.,Thatheisthebeststudentinclass,区别下列句子：1.Itsreported_manypeoplediedofSARS.2._isreported,manypeoplediedofSARS.3._isreportedis_manypeoplediedofSARS.,that,As,What,that,Itisuncertain_theexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how,二、宾语从句ObjectClause,宾语从句通常位于动词,介词之后。（连词that在从句中不充当成分，可省略,但and或but连接两个由that引导的宾从时，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省。）,Wedonotagreethecomputerhelpsusalot.Theysaidtheywerestrangersand_theylosttheirway.IwishI_(go)tothepartylastnight.Isuggestedhe_(go)tothepartylastnight.,(that),(that),that,hadgone,(should)go,在表示建议、愿望、要求，命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insistrequest、command、order等动词后的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原形或是动词原形。(p90页),“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”,Iunderstand_(all_)yousaid.Icantbelieve_isreported.Acarpassedmeat_Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.,what,that,what,what,what在从句中作主语或宾语或表语,what从句相当于“先行词+引导的定语从句”。(p90页),Iunderstand_(all_)yousaid.Icantbelieve_isreported.Acarpassedmeat_Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.Thebuildingwillbebuiltin_wasawastelandbefore.,what,that,what,what,what,what在从句中作主语或宾语或表语,注意：what与which的区别Guess_famouspersonsaidthis.(无范围)Askhim_platformtheLondontrainleavesfrom.(有范围),what,which,特别注意不用what也不用which的特殊句子:Canyoutellme_youwouldliketohaveyourcoffeeblackorwhite?,how,Illbelieve_yousay.(无论什么）Illgiveitto_helpsme.（无论谁）,whatever,whoever,whatever相当于anythingthatwhoever相当于anyonewho名词性从句只用wh-ever,不用nomatterwh-此处只能用whoever，不能用whomever,因为关系词是由它在从句中的成分和作用决定的,注意whatever和whichever的区别Heisanexpert.Take_suggestionhewillmake.Therearenotmanypeoplehere.Take_seatyoulike.,whatever,whichever,找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：7.Ifwewillhaveameetinghasntbeendecidedyet.8.Itdependsoniftheweatherissuitableforustodoit.9.Thequestionisifhehimselfwillbepresentatthemeeting.10.HeaskedmeifIcouldgowithhimornot.,Whetherwewillhaveameetinghasntbeendecidedyet.,Itdependsonwhethertheweatheris.,Thequestioniswhetherhehimselfwillbepresent.,HeaskedmewhetherIcouldgowithhimornot.,掌握：whether和if的区别：,引导宾语从句时whether,if一般可通用。但在下列情况下一般只用whether。1.在动词discuss之后。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosethestore.2.介词之后。Justnowtheytalkedaboutwhethertheywouldhelpus.3.后面紧跟ornot时，一般只用whether。Hedidntsaywhetherornothewouldbestayinghere.4.后面跟不定式时，一般只用whether。HedoesntknowwhethertogotoBeijing(ornot).5.引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时,1.Idontknow_Illbefreetomorrow.2.Idontknow_ornotIllbefreetomorrow.3.Thequestionis_thisbookisworthwriting.4.Itdependson_wewillhaveenoughmoney.5._theycandoitmatterslittletous.6.Themanageraskedmethequestion_Iwouldliketobehissecretary.7._youarenotfreetomorrow,Illgowithoutyou.,whether/if,whether,whether,whether,Whether,If,用if或whether填空,whether,(如果),（是否）,Hehasmade_clear_hewillnotgivein.Theyfound_pleasant_theyworkedwithusChinese.Theheadmasterhasmade_clear_theschoolmeetingwillnotbeputoff.,it,that,it,that,it,that,如果动词（find,feel,make,think,consider,believe,suppose,等）宾语从句后还有宾语补足语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，则用it作形式宾语，而将真正的that宾语从句后置。,但我们常会碰到it用作形式宾语时之后没有形容词或名词作宾语补足语的情况，这一点在近几年高考试题中经常涉及，需引起大家的注意,1.Ihate_whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.(NMET2008)itB.thatC.theseD.them(答案为:A)我讨厌人们一边吃饭一边说话。2.Ilike_intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(全国卷2004)thisB.thatC.itD.one,(答案为:C)我喜欢秋天晴朗的天气。,Wellseeto_shegetshomeearly.Ihatedislike_whensomeonesmokesintheoffice.Illappreciate_ifyoucometoourparty.,it,that,it,it,一些介词或动词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。还有些动词后接宾语从句习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it，这类词有:A)动词itwhen/if从句。常见于appreciate,enjoy,like,dislike,love,hate,prefer等少数动词之后。B)动词+介词(短语)+it+that从句。常见于answerfor,dependon,relyon,insiston,lookto,seeto,stickto等结构中。,Heisagoodstudentexcept_heiscareless.Iknownothingabouthimexcept_youtoldme.Heusuallygoestoschoolonfootexcept_itrains.Heusuallygoestoschoolonfootexcept_rainydays.Icouldsaynothingbut_Iwassorry.,on,what,when,that,that,连词that引导的从句很少作介词宾语,一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句,但在except,but,in等之后也可跟that引导的宾语从句。,Idontsupposehecares,_?Youdontsupposehecares,_?Hesupposesyoudontcare,_?,doeshe,doyou,doesnthe,如主语是第一人称,在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。(反意疑问：主句主语是第一人称随从句，主句主语是第二人称随主句）,注意插入语的用法：你认为他什么时候回来？,Whendoyouthinkhewillcomeback?,总结：doyouthinkdoyousuppose作插入语：疑问词提前，句子用陈述语序,三、表语从句PredicativeClause,Itlookeditwasgoingtorain.(好像）Itseemshehasheardofit.Whathetoldmewashewouldhelpmeinanycase.,表语从句通常位于系动词be,seem,look等之后。that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当成分，并一般不可省略,asif,that,that,Heisnolonger_hewasthreeyearsago.Actually,girlscanbetheywanttobejustlikeboys.(无论）,what,注意:what在从句中充当主语或宾语或表语,whatever,1.Thereason_hewaslateis_hismotherwasill.,why/forwhich,that,2.Hewaslate.Thatshismotherwasill.3.Hismotherwasill.Thatshewaslate.,because,why,reason的特殊句型与because,why引导的表语从句须注意！,why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because。故构成特殊句型为Thereasonwhyisthat,1、Hesaidweshouldfinishtheworktoday,andthisis_Idisagree.2、Youalwaysgivehimwhateverhewants.Thats_youarewrong.3、-Whatsthatbuilding?-Thats_sportsequipmentisstored.4、Thatstheplacethesportsequipmentisstored,where,where,where,注意where引导的表语,状语，定语从句的区别,where/inwhich,1.Abuildingwillbebuiltin_wasawastelandbefore.2.Abuildingwillbebuiltinaplace_wasawastelandbefore.3.Abuildingwillbebuiltinaplace_therewasachurchbefore.4.Abuildingwillbebuilt_therewasachurchbefore.,what,宾从,which/that,定从,where/inwhich,定从,where,状从,四、同位语从句appositiveclause,Thenews_hewonthefirstplaceisreallyexciting.Thesuggestion_weshoulddependonourselvesisagoodone.,同位语从句前面的名词常为：idea,newspromise,belief,question,fact,suggestion,possibility等抽象名词，连词多为that，在从句中不充当成分，一般不能省。,that,that,1.Ihadnoideahadstolenthemoney.2.Ihavenoideashesaidthat.（为何）3.Ihavenoidea_hewillcome.4.Theyaskedmethequestiontheycanfindthebooks.（在哪）,同位语从句的连词有that和whether（不用if).在某些名词后面有时亦可用连how,when,where,why等.,who,why,where,when/how,试区分以下句子,Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.,Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.,注意：一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处1、两种从句都可以译成定语2、两种从句都可以用that引导,(同从),(定从),我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。,你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。,e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分，也不可省；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分,作主/表/宾，且常用which取代,作宾语还可省略。,e.g.1)DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）,Miketoldmehisideawehadbettergototheteacherforhelp.TheideaMiketoldmejustnowisverygood.Thenewshepassedtheexamwasagreatsurprise.Thenewshetoldmewasagreatsurprise.,that,同,（that/which）,定,that,（that/which）,同,定,1、同位语从句阐明它前面的名词的内容；定语从句则是对先行词加以修饰限制。2、只有在内容方面可以进一步阐明的名词（一般为抽象名词），才能带同位语从句，而几乎任何名词都可以带定语从句。3、that引导同位语从句时，that在句中不作成分（不可省，也不能用which）；that引导定语从句时，that在句中须作主/表/宾，且常用which取代,作宾语还可省略。,再次友情提醒:,that/what1）that在从句中不作句子成分，引导主语/表语/同位语从句时，不省略。2）that引导宾从时，通常可省略。但and/but连接两个由that引导的宾从时，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省略。3）what则须在从句中作主语/表语/宾语等,_theboydidnttakethemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which,再见,what的灵活使用1.Heis_iscalledsupermanA.thepersonB.whoC.whatD.that,Key:C.what=thepersonthat总结:what在宾语和表语从句中,可以是“的东西”,“的人”,“的时间”,“的地方”.其中What=某个名词+that定语从句,2.Shewillsendhersonto_Columbuscalled“NewContinent”.A.whereB.inwhichC.whatD.there3.Inwesterncountries,Christmasis_seemslike“theSpringFestival”toChinese.A.whenB.whatC.thatD.thetime,Key:Cwhat=theplacethat,Key:Bwhat=thetimethat,选择填空what,whatever,who,whoever,1._shesaiddidnotsatisfyherfriend.2._weneedaremorebooks.3._madethelongdistancecalltohimisasecret.4._breaksthelawwillbepunished.5.Theyarealwaysreadytogivethevacantseatsto_comesfirst.6._brokethelawisstillunknown.,Whatever,What,Who,Whoever,whoever,Who,注意语序：1.我不知道他怎么了。Idontknow_withhim.2.你不知道我有多担忧。Youhavenoidea_.3.你无法想象他是多帅的一个年轻人。Youcantimagine_.,whatswrong/whatsthematter,howworriedIwas,whatahandsomeyoungmanheis.,名词性从句一律用陈述句语序。,doubt在宾语从句中的句型：1.Canyoudoubtshelikesme?2.Idontdoubtherunsfast,butIdoubt_hellwinthematch.,that,that,whether/if,同位语从句中doubt之后的用法1.Thereisnodoubt_theywillwin.2.Isthereanydoubt_theywillwin?3.Thereissomedoubt_theywillwin.4.Iamindoubt_Ishoulddo.,that,that,whether,what,总结：Idoubtwhether/ifIdontdoubtthatDoyoudoubtthat?,总结:Thereis/Sb.have(has)somedoubtwhetherIsthereanydoubtthatThereisnodoubtthat,Proofreading:Whatweneedaremoretime.IhaventdecidedwhenshouldIstart.IdontknowifIshouldgoornot.Hegotthefirstprizeinthecontestsurpriseseveryone.IvegotthenewswhichwewillhaveanEnglishtestnextweek.Itisnopossibilitythathecanpasstheexam.Whenandwherewewillholdthemeetinghaventbeendecided.8.Theproblemiswhetherwecangetthereontime，bybusorbytaxi.,is,Ishould,Thathe,that,There,whether,_,hasnt,_,how,_,Itworriedherabit_herhairwasturninggray.whileB.thatC.ifD.for2.Goandgetyourcoat.Its_youleftit.thereB.whereC.therewhereD.wherethere.3.Determinationisakindofbasicqualityandthisis_ittakestodoanythingwell.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.withwhich4.Allthepeoplearoundtheworldhavethesamesimpledream_theywillalwaysliveinpeaceandcomfort.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when,小试牛刀,5.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof_sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho6.Itisnecessarythat_bytheendoftheweek.A.wegoteverythingreadyB.wehavegoteverythingreadyC.WegeteverythingreadyD.wemustgeteverythingready7.Thebookwillshowyou_canbeusedinothercontexts.A.howyouhaveobservedB.howwhatyouhaveobservedC.thatyouhaveobservedD.howthatyouhaveobserved,巩固练习,1.Thesubjectof“whatisinterestingisthatIdontevenknowhim.”is_.A.whatB.interestingC.whatisinterestingD.I2.Oneofthemenheldtheview_thebooksaidwasrightA.thatwhatBwhatthatCthatDwhether3.Iamnotsure_Icouldhavedonewithmywatch.A.whereB.whetherC.whatD.how4.Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Icantremember_.AwhereBthereCwhichDthat5.Energyis_m