非谓语动词讲解稿

,语法一非谓语动词讲解,NonfiniteVerbs,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2.非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,A:是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,B:不受制于主语，没有人称和数的变化,C：种类,非谓语动词,动词不定式,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）,Hestoodthere,tiredfromawholedayofwork,thinkingofawaytoescapefromtheconstructionsite.2.Thenewsconference,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.HavingreachedtheverypeakoftheEverest,theclimberscheeredagainstthefiercenorthwind.4.Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.Hemusthavemorethan200bynow.5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.6.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.,状语,定语,状语,宾语,(宾语)补语,定语,动名词（gerund）,一.动名词的基本构成,二.动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,Ihopeyoudontmindmysayingit.,2.动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting.Iinsistedonleavingatonce.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeingisbelieving,Readingnewspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.,nousenogoodnofunIts+ashame+doingawasteoftime/moneyuselessdangerousThereisno+doing.,Itisnousecrying.ItisnogoodobjectingLookingafterthepatientsisanursesjob.Itsdangerousplayingwithfire.Itsawasteoftimecopyingothershomework.Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.,2.可作宾语,S.+vt.+doing,Haveyoufinishedreadingthebook?Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过(少)延期avoidmissdelay/postpone建议完成(多)练习suggest/advisefinishpractise喜欢想象禁不住enjoy/appreciateimagineresist/canthelp承认否定(与)嫉妒admitdenyenvy逃脱冒险(莫)原谅escape/envyriskpardon/excuse忍受保持(不)在意standkeep/keeponmind,注：在动词advise,allow,forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,Wedontallowfishinghere.我们不准在这儿钓鱼。,Wedontallowpeopletofishhere.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,prefer.to.lookforwardtobeusedtoputoffgiveupS.+keepon+doingsucceedincanthelpfeellikebebusybeworthhavedifficulty/trouble/problem(in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S.+v.+prep.+doing,e.g.Shesattherewithoutspeaking.Ilookforwardtoseeinghimagain.Areyouusedtolivingtherealone?Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldnthelplaughing.Idontfeellikegoingtoseethefilm.Hewasbusypreparinghislessons.,主动表被动:,want(需要)need(需要)require(需要)Sth.+stand(经受)+doingbear(忍受)be+past(超过)beworth(值得)be+inneedof(需要),使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义,tobedone,使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义,e.g.Theroomwantscleaning.Themethodneedsimproving.Thispairofshoesispastmending.Theproblemisinneedofworkingout.Thequestioniswellworthdiscussing,4）既可接动名词也可接动词不定式的一些词的辨析,a)remember后跟动名词表示“记得曾做过某事”；后跟不定式表示“要记住去做某事”。例如,Irememberedgivingyouthebookthismorning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。Youmustremembertogiveherthebooktomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。,b)forget后跟动名词标号司“做过某事而忘记了”；后跟不定式表示“忘记了而不曾做某事”。,c)regret后跟动名词表示对已做过的事情后悔；后跟不定式表示对现在正在做或要去做的事情后悔。,d）动词“like,love,hate,prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在should,would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：,Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.,我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。,Whatwouldyouliketoeattonight?你今晚上想吃什么？,Stop；forget；try；Mean；goon；,OthersExamples,3）作表语:,S.+be+doing,MyjobisteachingyouEnglish.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Mygreatesthappinessisservingthepeople.,4）作定语:,S.+v.+doing+n.,Doesheworkinthereading-room?Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod.Hisgrandfatherhasabamboowalkingstick.,四.动名词的时态和语态,完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如,Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.Hedidntmentionhavingmetyoubefore,2.被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：,Shedidntmindbeingcalledahousewife,五.动名词的复合结构,1).物主代词/名词所有格+动名词在句中作主语:e.g.Maryscominglatemadeherteacherangry.Doyoumindmysmoking?2).人称代词宾格/名词+动名词在句中作宾语:e.g.Imsureofhimcomingontime.Hehasneverheardofawomanbeingapilot.,1.Themaninsisted_ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.A.findB.tofindC.onfindingD.infinding2.Itsnecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having3.Ireallycantunderstand_herlikethat.A.youtreatB.youtotreatC.whytreatD.youtreating4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldntrisk_thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost,动词不定式（TheInfinitive）,一.动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：todosth否定式：nottodosth.被动式：tobedone完成式：tohavedone,二.动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作状语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语和主语等成份。,动词不定式,Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。,Iwanttoseeyouthisevening,Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.,Wefoundahousetolivein.,ShecameheretostudyEnglish.,Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,Toseeistobelieve,Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It+谓语+todo,Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.,句型2：Its+n.+todo,Itsourdutytohelpthepoor.,Itisagreatenjoymenttospendourholidayinthemoutains,句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.,Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth,（是形容人的品质的）,（是形容事物的性质的）,Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.,Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.Itsimpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.,youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,(2)作宾语,Iwanttoknowthismatter.,like,demand,want,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,intend,prefer,promise,forget,decide,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,wish,start,afford,hate等,常见动词有：,Idontexpecttomeetyouhere.,1).,2).,不定式做动词tell,teach,know,show,findout,discover,see(understand)的宾语时,不定式前常加连接代词who,which,what和连接副词how,when,where构成不定式短语做宾语.,Idontknowhowtogetthere.,Ihaventdecidedwhethertogoorstay.,接不定式做宾语,3).,Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting,Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,Subject+find/think/feel/makeit+adj/n+todosth.,Wethoughtitbettertostartearly.Doyouconsideritbetternottogo?Ifeelitmydutytochangeallthat.,（3）做表语：主语+系动词+不定式,1).其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need),Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.,2).,betodo可构成将来时态,表“准备/打算/计划/需要”;,Sheistoreturnnextweek.Itwasabouttoleavewhenitstartedtorain.,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim,能用于此用法的动词有：,ask,tell,invite,force,advise,get,beg,allow,want,wish,order,expect,prefer,persuade,teach,warn,request,forbid,cause,permit,oblige(迫使)，encourage,lead,等等。,Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10oclock.Illgetsomeonetorepairtherecorderforyou.Whatcausedhimtochangehismind?Iwishyoutocomeassoonaspossible.,1).,2).,Ioftenhearthemsingthissong.,感官动词（see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe）、使役动词（have,let,make）、及动词词组listento,lookat后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to。,Didyounoticeanyonecomein?Iwouldhavehimwaitformeforalongtime.Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,Heisoftenheardtosingthesong,Hewasseentoentertheroom.,不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,Shecoulddonothingbutcry,Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?,Ihavenochoicebuttogo,(4)作定语,不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：,Ihavealotofworktodo.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.TheymadeaplantostudyEnglish.HeexpressedhiswishtovisittheGreatWall.,注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,Heislookingforaroomtolivein,Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,IcameheretoseeyouWewereveryexcitedtohearthenewsHehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.Tolookathim，youwouldlikehim,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),1).目的状语:可放于句首,也可放于句末,前面可加inorder/soas/soasto表强调.,Hewenttoseetheartisthimself.Hestoppedtohavealook.Heransofastastogettoschoolintime,2).结果状语:主要用在enoughto/tooto/onlyto结构中。,Thequestionistoodifficulttoanswer.Theyworkedhardenoughtofinishtheirwork.,3).原因状语:主语+系动词+adj.+todo,表感情的adj.有:happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious(忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.,Imverysorrytoseeyou.Hewasafraidtoleavehimhome,动词不定式的时态和语态,动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。,WhenIgothome,mysonhappenedtobewatchingTV.,如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,Sheissaidtohavereadthirtynovelsthisyear.,Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong,Aftergraduation,heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.,ThisnovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoFrench.,选出下面习题正确答案,1-Imhungry,andIwanttoeatthecake.-What!itisnotgood_A.foreatingB.tobeeatenC.toeatD.ateating2Itsimportant_andhelpful.A.tokindB.bekindC.kindD.tobekind3.IttookAliceandmeanhour_outtheproblem.A.toworkB.workingC.workD.forworking.4.Ifounditveryimportant_Englishwell.A.learningB.learnC.tolearnD.learned5.Itsverynice_youto_meaboutit.A.for;tellB.of;sayC.to;speakD.of;tell,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme_(help)you_(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove_(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate_(cry),todayhewasmade_(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_outofthewindow.nottolookB.tonotlookC.dontlookD.notlook,help,(to)water,totake,cry,tocry,1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruitC.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）,towriteon,towritewith,动词不定式做定语,有的动词既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词ing形式作宾语但表达的意思有所不同。这类动词有：like，stop，forget，remember。,1.Boys,dontforget_thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2-Look!Thelightsintheclassroomareout.-Oh,Iforgot_.A.turningthemoffB.turnthemoffC.toturnthemoffD.turnedthemoff3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest4.Remember_thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff,分词：Participles,一分词的概述,1.分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现在分词（PresentParticiple）和过去分词（PastParticiple）。,2.现在分词：doing过去分词：规则动词V+ed不规则动词,3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。,现在分词与过去分词的区别：,1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动,DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.,2.时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成,DevelopingcountryboilingwaterDevelopedcountryboiledwater,二、分词的作用,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。,（1）前置定语,Heisapromisingyoungman.Makelessnoise.Theresasleepingchild.Weonlysellusedbooks.我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语,TheyoungmansittingbetweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.,Thebridgebuiltlastmonthneedsrepairing.,上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。,（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：,Thosewishingtojointhisclubshouldsignhere.,(=Thosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhere,),想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。,Theman,havingbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.,由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。,(Theman,whohadbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.),（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：,thequestiondiscussedyesterday,昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）,thefallenleaves,落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动),2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：,Shewastoofrightenedtomove.她被吓得一动不动。Whatyousaidisreallyinspiring.你所说的真令从鼓舞。,怎样区分动名词和现在分词,Myjobisteaching.,换位法,Herjobisgettingeverythinginorderintheoffice,Theplayisexciting.,Excitingistheplay,Thestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting,Interestingwasthestoryhetoldus.,作表语,作定语,动名词作定语表示性质或用途。,awashingmachine,amachineforwashing,aswimmingpool,apoolforswimming,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,adevelopingcountry,acountrywhichisdeveloping,asleepingboy,aboywhoissleeping,3、作宾语补足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等词。,Isawhimwalkinginthestreet.我看见他在街上走。Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。Wefoundtheboysleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。,A）Iheardmybrother(singing,sung)inthenextroomB）Iheardthesong(singing,sung)inEnglish.,现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别,四、作状语,现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成,1.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.2.(Hearing/heard)thebadnews,theycouldnthelpcrying.3.(Giving/Given)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.,4.Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.,分词的时态和语态,构成（以study和go为例）,被动式：beingdone表示一个现在进行的完成动作。,1.Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.2.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3.Asweapproachedthevillage,wesawnewhousesbeingputup.,完成式：havingdone所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,Havingturnedofftheradio,hebegantogooverhislessons.2.Nothavingreceivedhisfathersletter,hedecidedtomakeacalltohim.,独立主格结构,一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格结构（IndependentGenitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。,Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.,Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.,1独立主格结构的形式：,（1）名词/代词+-ing分词及其短语,Themoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjourney.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.,（2）名词/代词+-ed分词及其短语,Good-byesaid,wewenthome.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.,（3）名词/代词+形容词及其短语,Theweather(being)hot,weallwentswimming.Dinnerready,thehostessaskedhergueststobeseated.,（4）名词/代词+不定式及其短语,Themoneytobepaidbythedriver,thepolicewentaway.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.,（