非谓语动词用法讲解

非谓语动词,一.非谓语动词的种类,动词不定式,分词,动名词,非谓语动词具有动词以外的许多词的特征,但是仍具有动词的某些特征:即仍有时态和语态的变化;可以带宾语,表语或被状语所修饰.在考虑时态时应注意其时间坐标-“句子的谓语动词”;考虑语态时必须弄懂其“逻辑主语”.非谓语动词的否定式是not+非谓语动词,二.动词不定式,(1)动词不定式的形式,todotobedone,tobedoing,tohavedonetohavebeendone,(2)不定式的语法功能,TodieforthepeopleisweightierthanMountTai.(作主语)Itisdifficultformetounderstandit.(作主语)Ourmaintaskistofinishthejobinaweek.(作表语)Lasersciencebegantodevelopin1958.(作宾语)Topreparetheirlessons,thestudentsworkedtillmidnight.(作状语)Itstimetogetup.(作定语)Theteachertoldustocleantheclassroom.(作宾语补足语)ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.(作主语补足语),A)作主语时其逻辑主语为泛指,Tomovesuchabigstoneisverydifficult.Tobelaughedatinpublicismiserable.,B）作表语时不定式的逻辑主语,Theproblemremainstobefurtherdiscussed.(句子的主语)Thenextstepistocontroltheenergy.(与主语是对等关系时为泛指)Ourplanistofinishthejobinaweek.(通过逻辑关系表示),C）作宾语时其逻辑主语为句子的主语,IbegantolearnEnglishsixyearsago.Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentspretendedtobereadingthetext.,（3）不定式的逻辑主语,2）先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时，先行词为逻辑主语,Heisthelastpersontocometoschoolthismorning.,3）有时其逻辑主语为泛指,Thereisnowaytosolvetheproblem.,Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式与先行词为动宾关系）Ineedaroomtolivein.（不定式若是不及物动词时须有介词）Ihavenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.（不定式与先行词为动状关系),D)作定语时不定式的逻辑主语,1）句子的主语为不定式的逻辑主语,E）作状语时不定式的逻辑主语,Hestoodonachairsoastoseebetter.（句子的主语）Putthepicturehighersoastobeseenbetter.（句子的宾语）Englishisverydifficulttolearn.(逻辑主语为泛指，并且不定式与句子主语为动宾关系）,F）作补语时不定式的逻辑主语,Theteachertoldustocleantheclassroom.（句子的宾语）Weweretoldtocleantheclassroom.（句子的主语）,（4）不定式的复合结构,Itsverydifficultforustomasteraforeignlanguageinsuchashorttime.Itisverykindofyoutohelpusout.,在不定式的复合结构中，不定式无论担当什么句子成分其逻辑主语总是介词的宾语。同时要注意for/of的区别。,（5）独立使用的不定式,Nofurtherdiscussiontofollow,themeetingwasover.（不定式前的名词为不定式的逻辑主语）Tobefrank,Idontlikehim.（逻辑主语为说话人）,（6）特殊疑问词+不定式,Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idontknowwhichbustotake.Thequestionishowtoputtheplanintopractice.Hedidnotknowwhattodo.why不能和不定式连用whether却能Whynotjoinus?Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.,（7）不定式to的省略,A)在下列动词后宾补不定式不用to:see(lookat)/watch/notice/observe/hear(listento)/have/feel/make/let,Isawhimcomethismorning.Motherletmegohomeforlunch.但是当句子变成被动语态宾补变成主补时就得加上toIwasmadetodothemathsexercisesagain.help后的宾语不定式和宾补不定式都可以省略to,B）下列句式不定式也不用to,Youdbetterdoyourhomeworkfirst.Iwouldratherstayathomethangotothecinema.,（2）分词的语法功能,Themanstandingbythewindowisourteacher.（定语）Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.（状语）Thenewsisinspiring./Theglassisbroken.（表语）Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.（补语）,（3）分词的逻辑主语,A）作定语时为被修饰的词,Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Theboystandingunderthetreeismybrother.,三.分词,（1)分词的种类和形式,现在分词,过去分词,doingbeingdone,havingdonehavingbeendone,done,B）作状语时总是句子的主语,Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Theywalkedalongthestreet,laughingandsinging.Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.,C）作表语也是句子的主语,Thebookisveryinteresting.Imverytired.,D）作宾补为宾语；作主补为主语,Wesawhimcoming.Hehadhisclotheswashed.Shewasheardsingingthere.Helayinbedwithallthewindowsbroken.,(1).Generallyspeaking,mencanrunfasterthanwomen.(一般说来,男人比女人跑得快些.)(2).Broadlyspeaking,dogsaremorefaithfultomanthancats.(泛泛地说,狗比猫对人忠诚.)(3).Judgingfromhisexpression,hesinabadmood.(从他的表情来判断,他情绪不好.)(4).Consideringeverything,itwasntabadholiday.(考虑到各种情况,这次假日过得不错),E）不受逻辑主语限制的分词,(5).Illlendyouthemoneyproviding/providedyoupayitbackbeforeEaster.(我可以借给你钱,条件是复活节以前你必须还我)(6).Supposingtherewasawar,whatwouldyoudo?(假设发生战争,你怎么办?)(7).Takingeverythingintoconsideration,theyoughttobegivenanotherchance.(考虑到各种因素,他们应该得到另一次机会.)(8).Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(已经污染得这么严重了，现在清理这条河可能太晚了.）,四.动名词,动名词和现在分词同形,只是语法功能不同,（1）动名词的语法功能,Walkingonthemoonisveryfunny.（作主语）Myjobisteaching.（作表语）Ihavefinisheddoingthework.（作宾语）Theswimmingpooliswonderful.（作定语）Wecallthischanging.（作补语）动名词不能单独做状语，必须和介词一起做状语OnarrivinginBeijing,Iwillgotoseehim.,A）作主语时其逻辑主语为泛指（参考上面例句）,B）作宾语时其逻辑主语为句子主语（参考上面例句）,（2）动名词的逻辑主语,C）在其它场合下动名词都已经名物化没有逻辑主语。有些完全名物化的动名词甚至可以有复数形式Manytallbuildingshavebeenbuiltinourcityrecently.,（3）动名词的复合结构,Myfatherscomingmademeveryhappy.Idontlikehis(him)coming.,五.非谓语动词的差异,（1）作主语,分词不作主语，不定式和动名词区别如下,A）不定式动作具体,动作性强且时间上表示将来；动名词概念抽象动作性弱且没有时间性,Tomoveawayalargestoneisnoteasy.Movinginanearvacuumrequireslittleenergy.,B）在it作形式主语时，当表语是nogood/nouse/useless/senseless/waste/dangerous等词时常用动名词,Itsnotmuchgoodsayingso.Itisdangerousplayingwithfire.,C）在therebe结构中只用动名词,Thereissomuchwalkingtodo.,（2）作宾语,分词不作宾语，不定式和动名词区别如下,A）不定式动作具体,动作性强且时间上表示将来；动名词概念抽象动作性弱且没有时间性,IlikeswimmingbutIwouldntliketoswimthisafternoon.,B）remember/forget/regret等词后接动名词表示做过的事，接不定式表示未做的事,Iregrettotellyouthatyouwillbedismissed.IregretnotstudyinghardwhenIwasinmiddleschool.-Dontforgettobuymeagift.-Irememberbuyingyouoneseveraldaysago!,C）在stop/try/mean和goon之后不定式和动名词表达的意思不同,Whenhecameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtalking.Althoughhewasverybusy,hestoppedtohelpme.Aftersupper,hewentontodohishomework.Aftersupper,hewentondoinghishomework.Iwillworkhard,andtrytoimprovemyEnglish.Trydoingmoreexercisesandyoullsoonloseweight.Smokingmeanssettingfire.Ididntmeantohurtyouyesterday.,D）在begin/start之后，在下列情况下用不定式,Theicebegantomelt.（主语是物）Sheisbeginningtoleave.（谓语是进行时）Ibegantounderstandit.（宾语是表示思想意识方面的词）,E）在一些动词后只接不定式：want,wish,hope,manage,ask,offer,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,expect,seemhappen等,Theyseemedtobeeatingsomething.ThebookseemstohavebeentranslatedintoChinese.,F）在一些动词后只接动名:suggest,finish,avoid,allow,appreciate,canthelp,mind,enjoy,admit,forbid,require,delay,consider,advise,excuse,practise,escape,miss,pardon,imagine,risk,putoff,leaveoff,setabout等,G）表示“需要”等词的动词主语是物时宾语用主动语态的动名词或被动语态的不定式,Theroomneeds(wants)cleaning(tobecleaned).,F）不定式不作介词宾语（except/but除外）；作表语形容词宾语时不定式和动名词所表示的时间不同,Ihavenothingtodobut(except)wait.Ihavenochoicebut(except)towait.Imgladtomeetyou.Welcometoourschool.Imgladmeetingyou.Seeyoulater.,A）不定式，动名词与分词的区别,不定式和动名词与主语是对等关系；分词与主语是从属关系,Ourplanistofinishtheworkinaweek.Myjobisteaching.Thebookisinteresting.Theglasswasbroken./Imverytired.,B）不定式与动名词的区别,（表示将来）,（没有时间性）,C）现在分词与过去分词的区别,（表示主语的特征）,（表示主语的状态或心理感受）,D）现在分词作表语和进行时的区别,Thebookisinterestingallofus.,（3）作表语,E）过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别,TheglasswasbrokenbyTom.Thehousewassurroundedbythepolice.Thehousewassurroundedwithtalltrees.,（4）作定语,A）现在分词与动名词的区别,asleepingboy（现在分词与被修饰词有主谓关系）asleepingcar（动名词与被修饰词没有主谓关系）,B）分词与不定式的区别,Ineedaroomtolivein.（不定式只能在被修饰词之后）Heisthefirstpersontoleave.（先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时）Heisaretiredworker.（分词可在前也可在后）Theboysittinginfrontofthehouseismyclassmate.,C）现在分词与过去分词的区别,（状态/被动）,（动作/主动）,（5）作状语,动名词必须与介词一起做状语；分词多用来表示时间，原因，条件和伴随情况；不定式多用来表示目的和结果.常出现下面一些固定结构：tooto/soasto/inorderto/enoughto;若分词用来表示目的，结果时就要注意时间上的差别：不定式表示现在或将来；分词表示过去（例句略）,（6）作补语,A）主动语态的不定式和现在分词的区别,Isawhimcome.（过程）Isawhimcoming.（情景）,B）被动语态的不定式和过去分词的区别,Wouldyoulikethedoorclosed?（状态/门在关着）Wouldyoulikethedoortobeclosed?（动作/门在开着）,C）现在分词和动名词的区别,Ifounditmelting.（分词与句子宾语有主谓关系）Icallitmelting.（动名词与句子宾语为并列关系）,六.非谓语动词的化简功能,（1）化简主语从句,Itisveryimportantthatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage.Itisveryimportantforustomasteraforeignlanguage.(不定式化简）Thatmyfathercametoseememademeveryhappy.Myfatherscomingtoseememademeveryhappy.（动名词化简）,（2）化简宾语从句,IdidntknowwhetherIshouldlaughorcry.Ididntknowwhethertolaughorcry.IwasthinkingwhatIshoulddonextandhowIshoulddoit.Iwasthinkingwhattodonextandhowtodoit.Shetaughtherlittlegirlwhatsheshouldsaywhenherauntcame.Shetaughtherlittlegirlwhattosaywhenherauntcame.被化简的宾语从句的主语必须与主句的主语相同；或在带双宾语的句式中，从句的主语和间接宾语一致。被化简的从句多为由特殊疑问词或whether引起的宾语从句。,（3）化简定语从句,Theboywhoisstandingunderthetreeismybrother.Theboystandingunderthetreeismybrother.Thebuildingwhichisbeingbuiltthereisahospital.Thebuildingbeingbuiltthereisahospital.Theglasswhichwasbrokenyesterdayismine.Theglassbrokenyesterdayismine.Heisthefirstboywhocomestoschooleverymorning.Heisthefirstboytocometoschooleverymorning.,Afterwehadfinishedthework,wewenthome.Havingfinishedthework,wewenthome.Aftertheworkhadbe