时态、语态、非谓语动词

动词时态,重要考点：完成时。过去完成时现在完成时将来完成时,一、用过去完成时的几个典型情况：by+过去时间：bythen,uptothen,tillthen,By1988,scientistssurelyhaddiscoveredcureforthecommoncold.Itwasthefirst/second/lasttime+从句Thiswasthesecondtimehehadbeenoutwithheralone.注：itisthefirst/second/lasttimethat用现在完成时。,固定结构：hardly/scarcely/barelywhen;nosoonerthan表示“刚刚就，不等就”。1.Shehadhardly(scarcely,barely)gonetobedwhenthebellrang.2.Nosoonerhadtheyleftthebuildingthanabombexploded.注：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。,二、用将来完成时的典型情况：by+将来时间Wewillhavemadeourcountryoneofthemediumdevelopedcountriesintheworldbytheyearof2050.BynextMonday,shewillhavestudiedhereforthreeyears.,三、现在完成进行时Have/has+been+动词ING形式1、强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。Wehavebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.最近我们常常见面。Wherehaveyoubeen?Wehavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.你刚才在哪儿？我们一直在到处找你呢！Hehasbeensayingthatforyears.这话他已经说了好几年了。Ithasbeenrainingeverydaythismonth.这个月天天下雨。,2、强调动作在长时间内持续不断。Alltheseyearstheyhavebeencontributingarticlestoourmagazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。Shehasbeenwritingthelettersincefouro”clockintheafternoon.从下午四点钟到现在，她一直在写信。Wehavebeenstudyinginthisschoolforthreeyears.我们一直在这所学校学习了三年。HowlonghaveyoubeenwatchingTV?你看了多久电视了？过去完成进行时与将来完成进行时，同现在完成进行时的含义大致相同，一是表示反复发生的事，二是表示一直持续不断的事。,四、过去完成进行时Had+been+动词ING形式1、表示反复发生的事Hehadbeenmentioningyournametome.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。Youhadbeengivingmeeverything.你对我真是有求必应。,2、表示持续不断的状况Shehadbeensufferingfromabadcoldwhenshetooktheexam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。Hadtheybeenexpectingthenewsforsometime?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？Rafaelwasscoldedeventhoughhehadntbeendoinganythingwrong.尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。,3、含有某种感情色彩Ihadonlybeenreadingafewminuteswhenhecamein.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。Theyhadonlybeenwaitingforthebusafewmomentswhenitcame.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。Shedonlybeenreviewingherlessonsforashortwhilewhenherlittlesisterinterruptedher.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。,五、将来完成进行时表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的状况。Hewillhavebeenplayingonthepianobythattime他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。Bythetimethesunrises，Ishallhavebeensleepingforninehours当太阳升起的时候，我将睡了九个小时。HewillhavebeenstudyingChinesesevenyearsby1980到1980年的时候，他学中文就达到七年了。Weshallhavelearned12unitsbytheendofthisterm.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。,历年真题：Mr.Herpinisoneoftheforeignexpertswho_inChina.(2010年)A.worksB.isworkingC.areworkingD.hasbeenworkingBythistimenextweek,thewinnerstheirawards.（2008年）A.willhavereceiveB.willbereceivedC.willhavereceivedD.willhavebeenreceivingSheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshetoolong.(2004年)A.hasbeenreadingB.hadreadC.isreadingD.read,Theconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendoftheyear.(2003年)A.willcompleteB.willhavecompletedC.willbecompletedD.willhavebeencompletedBythetimeyourplanelandstonight,Iattheairportfor3hours.（2010年）A.hadwaitedB.havebeenwaitedC.hadbeenwaitingD.willhavebeenwaitingEventhoughtheysidebysidefortwentyyears,thetwoneighborsarenotongoodterms.(2010年)A.havebeenlivedB.hadbeenlivedC.hadbeenlivingD.havebeenliving,语态,重要考点：被动语态。及物动词才有被动语态,形式：be+donewillbedonehave/hadbeendonebebeingdone1.Hewashitbyacaryesterday.2.Anoticewillbeputuponthewall.3.Thatimportantproblemhasbeendiscussedfornearlytwoweeks.4.Anewlakeisbeingbuiltinthepark.,只能作为不及物的动词和词组：occur,happen,breakout,takeplace,cometrue,becomeareality1.May4thMovementtookplacein1919.2.Whendidtheaccidentoccur?,用主动结构表示被动含义的情况：（1）read,write,wash,cook,keep,open,sell等常和well,easily,smoothly等连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。1.Theclothwasheswell.2.Inhotweather,meatwontkeeplong.,（2）need,require,want,deserve,beworth+doingMywatchneedsrepairing.Thisfilmisreallyworthseeing.Whosaidtheboydeservepunishing.（3）某些系动词如：feel,prove,smell,taste,sound等形容词，也是主动表被动意义。Thefoodtastesdelicious.Howsweettheseflowerssmell!,（4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。1.Heishardtoplease.2.Thearticleisdifficulttounderstand.sth.+be+easy/hard/difficult+todo,在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词常跟不带to的动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。1.Isawherpassbythewindow.2.Shewasseentopassbythewindow.,1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要leave,get,keep,make(使,令),let(让),help(帮助),have(有；让；从事；允许；拿)等2.常见的感官动词有：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe(五看)；listento,hear(二听)；feel,find(二感觉)。,历年真题：-Bytheway,whendidyougetyourlivingroom_?-LastSunday.（2009年）A.topaintB.paintedC.paintingD.tobepaintedPauljusthad_.（2008年）A.cuthishairB.hishaircutC.haircutD.hishaircutting,Marytoldmethatfatherwould_laterthisyear.（2007年）A.havethehut(简陋的小屋)berepairedB.getthehuttoberepairedC.havethehutrepairedD.getthehutbeingrepaired,非谓语动词,不定式分词动名词,一、不定式,后面+todo的动词:(后面接不定式做宾语）afford,agree,ask,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,decline,seek,swear,wish,aim,long,strive,tend,fail,think,threaten,care,hate,prepare,undertake,help,want,hesitate,propose,plan,seem;,后面接sb.+todo:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,encourage,expect(要求),forbid,hire,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn;固定词组，作独立成分：tobehonest,tobeginwith,tocutalongstoryshort,toget(back)tothepoint,toputitanotherway,totellthetruth;,动词+how/what/where/which/when/why+todo,有些动词后面跟不定式时，不定式前需要加疑问词，如how,when,why,where,whether,which等。这些动词有：know,wonder,findout,guess,discuss等。,Theoldmanforgothowtogethomeafterhelefttheshop.Theleaderconcernedtoldthenewsreportersfranklythathedidnotknowwhom_fortheaccidentcausedbyfakewine.A.isblameB.toblameC.blamesD.willblame,在“名词（代词）+be+easy(difficult,fit)+不定式”结构中，有时尽管句中主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动的，形式上却是主动的。Thebookisdifficulttoread.Thepathiseasytofind.,有些动词后面加不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,canthelpbut,donothingbut/exceptdoanything/everythingbut/except1.mysistercoulddonothingelsebutreadbooks.当but/except前没有do时，后面则接todosth2.Ihadnochoicebuttogowithhim.注：有do没to,没do有to.,并不是所有的to都是动词不定式。下面的to是介词，以下是固定搭配。attributeto（归因于)applyto（致力于）accustomto(使习惯于)confineto(限于范围内)dedicateto（奉献）preferto（喜欢）oweto（归功于）,beaccustomedto（惯于）beusedto（习惯于，适应于）bedevotedto（致力于）lookforwardto（盼望）,besimilarto（类似）beloyalto（忠于）besuperiorto（优于、胜过）answerto（回答、答复）keyto（解答，关键）accordingto（根据，按照）asto（关于）thanksto（由于，多亏）inadditionto（除之外）,固定搭配练习：1.Youmustaccustomyourselfto_(get)upearly.2.Wearelookingforwardto_(see)youagain.3.Heusedto_(smoke)apipe.,二、现在分词,现在分词的形式跟动名词一样:-ing过去分词的形式:-ed.现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”。过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”。主动语态：doing（一般式），havingdone（完成式）被动语态：beingdone（一般式）,havingbeendone（完成式）,下列结构后面通常接ing形式：itisnouse+doingsth.itisnogood+doingsth.itisnohelp+doingsth.Itisnotworth+doingsth.it作形式主语，动名词做真正的主语。但在itisofnouse后面则用动词不定式。例如：Itisofnousetocryoverspiltmilk.,下列结构后面通常接ing形式:,haveahardtimedoinghavedifficulty(in)doinghavetrouble（in）doinghavefun(in)doingthereisnopoint(in)doingtakerisks(in)doingtakepleasure(in)doingtakepride(in)doing,后面加doing的常见动词有：avoid,admit,delay,enjoy,risk,finish,mind,miss,imagine,suggest,keep,deny,postpone,appreciate,giveup,beopposedto,putoff,devoteto,feellike,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,beusedto,objectto,canthelp,三、分词独立结构,分词的逻辑主语与谓语动词主语不一致时，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构叫做分词的独立结构。独立主格选择题的特点：句中两个部分各有主语，之间用逗号分开，中间没有任何连接词。,分词的独立结构例句：,Nightfalling,wehurriedhome.=Whenthenightfell,(表时间）Thetrainbeinglate,wemissedourplane.=Becau