国外道德困境案例PPT课件

Moral/EthicalDilemmas,.,2,伦理困境也被称为道德悖论，是指陷于几个道德命令之间的明显冲突，如果遵守其中一项，就将违犯另一项的情形。,.,3,Trolleyproblem电车难题,.,4,这是一个伦理学的思想实验。其大致内容是：假设一辆有轨电车失去控制，即将撞上前面的5个人，这时可以通过搬动道岔来避免该事故，但另外一条岔道上却有1个人，那么，是否可以通过牺牲这一个人的生命而拯救另外五个人？此难题可以变化，如一条岔道有一人，另外一条可以改成更多人或更少人，另外五人可以改成罪犯。,.,5,TheOvercrowdedLifeboat,.,6,In1842,ashipstruckanicebergandmorethan30survivorswerecrowdedintoalifeboatintendedtohold7.Asastormthreatened,itbecameobviousthatthelifeboatwouldhavetobelightenedifanyoneweretosurvive.Thecaptainreasonedthattherightthingtodointhissituationwastoforcesomeindividualstogooverthesideanddrown.Suchanaction,hereasoned,wasnotunjusttothosethrownoverboard,fortheywouldhavedrownedanyway.Ifhedidnothing,however,hewouldberesponsibleforthedeathsofthosewhomhecouldhavesaved.Somepeopleopposedthecaptainsdecision.Theyclaimedthatifnothingweredoneandeveryonediedasaresult,no,.,7,onewouldberesponsibleforthesedeaths.Ontheotherhand,ifthecaptainattemptedtosavesome,hecoulddosoonlybykillingothersandtheirdeathswouldbehisresponsibility;thiswouldbeworsethandoingnothingandlettingalldie.Thecaptainrejectedthisreasoning.Sincetheonlypossibilityforrescuerequiredgreateffortsofrowing,thecaptaindecidedthattheweakestwouldhavetobesacrificed.Inthissituationitwouldbeabsurd,hethought,todecidebydrawinglotswhoshouldbethrownoverboard.Asitturnedout,afterdaysofhardrowing,thesurvivorswererescuedandthecaptainwastriedforhisaction.Ifyouhadbeenonthejury,howwouldyouhavedecided?,.,8,AFathersAgonizingChoice,.,9,Youareaninmateinaconcentrationcamp.Asadisticguardisabouttohangyoursonwhotriedtoescapeandwantsyoutopullthechairfromunderneathhim.Hesaysthatifyoudonthewillnotonlykillyoursonbutsomeotherinnocentinmateaswell.Youdonthaveanydoubtthathemeanswhathesays.Whatshouldyoudo?,.,10,SophiesChoice,notinGrassian,.,11,InthenovelSophiesChoice,byWilliamStyron,aPolishwoman,SophieZawistowska,isarrestedbytheNazisandsenttotheAuschwitzdeathcamp.Onarrival,sheishonoredfornotbeingaJewbybeingallowedachoice:Oneofherchildrenwillbesparedthegaschamberifshechooseswhichone.Inanagonyofindecision,asbothchildrenarebeingtakenaway,shesuddenlydoeschoose.Theycantakeherdaughter,whoisyoungerandsmaller.Sophiehopesthatherolderandstrongersonwillbebetterabletosurvive,butshelosestrackofhimandneverdoeslearnofhisfate.Didshedotherightthing?Yearslater,hauntedbytheguiltofhavingchosenbetweenherchildren,Sophiecommitssuicide.Shouldshehavefeltguilty?,.,12,TheFatManandtheImpendingDoom,.,13,Afatmanleadingagroupofpeopleoutofacaveonacoastisstuckinthemouthofthatcave.Inashorttimehightidewillbeuponthem,andunlessheisunstuck,theywillallbedrownedexceptthefatman,whoseheadisoutofthecave.But,fortunately,orunfortunately,someonehaswithhimastickofdynamite.Thereseemsnowaytogetthefatmanloosewithoutusingthatdynamitewhichwillinevitablykillhim;butiftheydonotuseiteveryonewilldrown.Whatshouldtheydo?,.,14,Sincethefatmanissaidtobeleadingthegroup,heisresponsiblefortheirpredicamentandreasonablyshouldvolunteertobeblownup.Thedilemmabecomesmoreacuteifwesubstituteapregnantwomanforthefatman.Shewouldhavebeenurgedbytheotherstogofirstoutofthecave.,.,15,APoisonousCupofCoffee,.,16,Tom/Jane,hatinghis/herwife/husbandandwantingher/himdead,putspoisoninher/hiscoffee,therebykillingher/him.Joe/Debbiealsohateshis/herwife/husbandandwouldlikeher/himdead.Oneday,Joes/Debbieswife/husbandaccidentallyputspoisoninher/hiscoffee,thinkingitscream.Joe/Debbiehastheantidote,buthe/shedoesnotgiveittoher/him.Knowingthathe/sheistheonlyonewhocansaveher/him,he/sheletsher/himdie.IsJoes/DebbiesfailuretoactasbadasToms/Janesaction?,.,17,TheValueofaPromise,.,18,Afriendconfidestoyouthathehascommittedaparticularcrimeandyoupromisenevertotell.Discoveringthataninnocentpersonhasbeenaccusedofthecrime,youpleadwithyourfriendtogivehimselfup.Herefusesandremindsyouofyourprom