跨文化交际五PPT课件

.,1,Chapter5CultureShockinInterculturalCommunication,.,2,Goals:,1.toidentifythe5stagesofcultureshock2.toidentifythedefinitionsofHCandLC,.,3,“CultureShock”,firstidentifiedin1958byanthropologistKalveroOberg,isalongtermpsychologicalstressthatallhumanbeingsexperiencewhentheymovetoacompletelynewculturalenvironment.,.,4,Cultureshockusuallysetsinthefirstfewweeksofmovingtoanewenvironment,thoughsometimescantakelongertosurface.Cultureshock,likeadisease,hascauses,symptomsandcures.,.,5,1.CultureShock,referstothetraumatictr:mtikexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.expressesthelackofdirection,thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment,andnotknowingwhatisappropriateorinappropriate.,.,6,thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhencomingtoliveinanothercountryoraplacedifferentfromtheplaceoforigintroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture,.,7,2.Symptomsofcultureshock,a.physicalsymptomsover-concernedaboutcleanlinessoffood,bedding,anddishes,extremestressonhealthandsafety;fearofphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry;greatconcernoverminorpainsandskineruptions(出疹);craving“homecooking”;useofalcoholanddrugs;andadeclineinworkquality.,.,8,b.psychologicalsymptoms,insomniainsmni,fatigue,isolationandloneliness,disorientation,frustration,criticismofnewcountry,depression,nervousness,self-doubt,irritability,anger,andemotionalandintellectualwithdrawal.,.,9,.,10,3.Causesofcultureshock,CulturalstressSocialalienationSocialclassandpoverty-wealthextremesFinancialmattersRelationshipsandfamilyconsiderations,.,11,a.CulturalStress,Enteringanunfamiliarcultureisstressful;infact,transitionsofanytypearebothpsychologicallyandphysicallystressful.Problemswithhousing,climate,services,orcommunicationinanotherlanguagebringadditionalstress.,.,12,b.SocialAlienation,Anaspectofcultureshockthatcanhaveadverseeffectsuponthenewcomerstoacultureissocialalienationandthefeelingsoflonelinessthatareassociatedwithbeingisolatedfromfriendsandthehomeculture.,.,13,c.Socialclassandpoverty-wealthextremes,Classdistinctionsdoexistinmanycountries,butaresocomplicatedandsubtlethatvisitorsfromothercountriesoftenmissthenuancesnju:ns(细微差别)andeventheexistenceofaclassstructure.,.,14,d.Financialmatters,Adaptingtoanewcultureandreenteringthehomecultureinvolvefinancialadjustments,suchascostandavailabilityofhousing,bankingpractices,useofcreditcardsandchecks,andcostsofschooling.,.,15,e.Relationshipsandfamilyconsiderations,Problemsrelatedwithrelationshipssuchasfailureofthespouseandotherfamilymemberstoadapttothenewcultureareamajorfactorintheearlyreturnofexpatriates.,.,16,4.Stagesofcultureshock,ThehoneymoonstageThehostilitystageTherecoverystageTheadjustmentstageThebiculturalitystage,.,17,Thefirststageofinitialcontact,sometimescalledthe“honeymoon”stageorinitialeuphoriaju:f:ri(幸福愉快感),iswhereeverythingisnewandexciting.-eagertopleasepeoplearound,cooperation,interestinlisteningtopeople,a.the“honeymoon”stage,.,18,E.g.AEuropean-basedjointventurecompanyhasjusthiredMr.Wang.Withhisfineuniversityrecord,Englishproficiencyandgoodworkrecord,hesuccessfullycompetedwithmanyotherapplicantstowintheentry-levelposition.Thecompanyhasjustbuiltastate-of-the-art(顶尖水准的)factoryintheoutskirtsofhishometown,whichmeansthathecangoaheadwithhisplanstomarrywithoutdelay.,.,19,b.thehostilitystagethecrisisordisenchantment(失望)stage,Thesecondstageischaracterizedbyfrustration,anger,anxietyandsometimesdepression.-tiredoflisteningtoandspeakinganotherlanguage,difficulttoworkwith,tryeveryonespatience,.,20,E.g.AWesternerinChinawhosuspectsheisbeingcheatedbyavendormaysimplytosshisbagoffruitbackandwalkaway,orhemightstartyellingandaccusinginwhateverlanguageheisabletomanage.,.,21,c.therecoverystage(thereintegrationstage),Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.-anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumor,acertainpsychologicalbalance,afeelingofdirection,.,22,E.g.ThesameWesternerwho6monthearlierwalkedawayfromthestreetvendorinanger,nowconfidentlyentersaChinesehotelreadytobargainforareductionintheforeignersroommate.,.,23,d.theadjustmentstage,Inthefourthstage,peoplerealizethenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstooffer.Thisintegrationisaccompaniedbyamoresolidfeelingofbelonging.(doubleortripleintegration)-feelgood/atease,successfullyadjustedtothenewculture,.,24,E.g.WuLian,studyinginAmericanow,haslearnedwhichofherclassmatesareworthspendingtimewithandhowtoaskthemtherightquestionstolearnwhatsheneedstoknow.Shehasmadenewfriends.,.,25,Bythistimesheisabletoacceptboththesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenhishomecultureandthenewculture.Shebecomesmoresensitivetolocalpeopleandasaresult,herrelationshipwiththemisbecomingwarmerandmorepersonal.Lifeisbecomingmorecomfortable.,.,26,e.thebiculturalitystage(thefulladjustmentstage),Biculturality:thehealthyandevenidealstageofadaptationinwhichonesoriginalculturalworldviewremainsintactasalternativeculturalframesareacquired.Inthefinalstagepeoplebecomeabletocopecomfortablyinbothhomeandnewcultures.However,fulladjustmentcantakeyears.,.,27,Atthisstagethepersonhasgrownasahumanbeingandhasbeenreplacedbyanewonethatfunctionsatahigherlevelofhumansensitivityandself-awareness.,.,28,5.Reversecultureshock,mayoccuruponreturningtothehomecountryifapersonhasadjustedexceptionallywelltothehostculture.return/reentrycultureshockreturnees,.,29,Thereareusuallytwoelementsthatcharacterizere-entry:AnidealizedviewofhomeTheexpectationoftotalfamiliarity(thatnothingathomehaschangedwhileyouhavebeenaway)Aproblemariseswhenrealitydoesntmeettheseexpectations.Homemayfeelsoforeign.,.,30,Reversecultureshockisusuallydescribedinfourstages:DisengagementInitialeuphoriaIrritabilityandhostilityReadjustmentandadaptation,6.Stagesofreversecultureshock,.,31,Stage1beginsbeforeyouleaveyourhostcountry.Youbeginthinkingaboutre-entryandmakingyourpreparationsforyourreturnhome.Youalsobegintorealizethatitstimetosaygood-byetoyourfriendsabroadandtotheplaceyouvecometocallhome.Thehustleandbustleoffinals,good-byeparties,andpackingcanintensifyyourfeelingsofsadnessandfrustration.Youalreadymissthefriendsyouvemade,andyouarereluctanttoleave.Or,youmaymakeyourlastfewdaysflybysofastthatyoudonthavetimetoreflectonyouremotionsandexperiences.,.,32,Stage2usuallybeginsshortlybeforedeparture,anditischaracterizedbyfeelingsofexcitementandanticipation-eveneuphoria-aboutreturninghome.Thisisverysimilartotheinitialfeelingsoffascinationandexcitementyoumayhavewhenyoufirstenteredyourhostcountry.Youmaybeveryhappytoseeyourfamilyandfriendsagain,andtheyarealsohappytoseeyou.Thelengthofthisstagevaries,andoftenendswiththerealizationthatmostpeoplearenotasinterestedinyourexperiencesabroadasyouhadhoped.Theywillpolitelylistentoyourstoriesforawhile,butyoumayfindthatsoontheyarereadytomoveontothenexttopicofconversation.,.,33,Stage3Youmayexperiencefeelingsoffrustration,anger,alienation,loneliness,disorientation,andhelplessnessandnotunderstandexactlywhy.Youmightquicklybecomeirritatedorcriticalofothersandofhomeculture.Depression,feelinglikeastrangerathome,andthelongingtogobackabroadarealsonotuncommonreactions.Youmayalsofeellessindependentthanyouwerewhileabroad.,.,34,Stage4agradualreadjustmenttolifeathome.Thingswillstarttoseemalittlemorenormalagain,andyouwillprobablyfallbackintosomeoldroutines,butthingswontbeexactlythesameashowyouleftthem.Youhavemostlikelydevelopednewattitudes,beliefs,habits,aswellaspersonalandprofessionalgoals,andyouwillseethingsdifferentlynow.Theimportantthingistotrytoincorporatethepositiveaspectsofyourinternationalexperiencewhileabroadwiththepositiveaspectsofyourlifeathome.,.,35,.,36,.,37,.,38,A.DefensemechanismsagainstcultureshockrepressionregressionisolationrejectionThesemethodsarenothelpfulbecausetheypreventusfrommakingnecessaryadjustmenttothenewculture.,7.Strategiesformanagingcultureshock,.,39,B.Alleviatingcultureshocklearningthroughoutyourstaygetinvolvedastersimpletaskstrytounderstandlearntolivewithambiguitybeempathetic(移情)beflexibleandresourceful(机智的)behumorous,.,40,InhisbookBeyondCultures(publishedin1976byAnchorPress/Doubleday,inNewYork),Halldistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunicationandclassifyculturepatternsintohigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculture.,8.High-contextCultureavoidsayingno,Communicatesinhighlystructured(context)messages,providesdetails,stressesliteralmeanings,givesauthoritytowritteninformation,Communicatesinsimple,ambiguous,non-contextedmessages;understandsvisualmessagesreadily,.,49,IllustrationsContextandChineseLanguagebyEdwardHall,1976China,thepossessorofagreatandcomplexculture,isonthehigh-contextendofthescale.OnenoticesthisparticularlyinthewrittenlanguageofChina,whichis35hundredyearsoldandhaschangedverylittleinthepast3thousandyears.TheneedforcontextisexperiencedwhenlookingupwordsinaChinesedictionary.TouseaChinesedictionary,thereadermustknowthesignificanceof214radicals(偏旁,部首)(therearenocounterpartsforradicalsintheIndo-Europeanlanguages).,.,50,Forexample,tofindthewordforstaronemustknowthatitappearsunderthesunradical.TobeliterateinChinese,onehastobeconversant(精通)withChinesehistory.Anotherinterestingsidelight(花絮新闻;趣闻)ontheChineseorthographyisthatitisalsoanartform.Tomyknowledge,nolow-contextcommunicationsystemhaseverbeenanartform.Goodartisalwayshigh-context;badart,low-context.,.,51,CulturaldifferencesattheairportYouwillnoticeaninterestingphenomenonatthearrivalgatesofinternationalairports.UsuallythereisagroupoffamilymembersorahostwaitingtomeettheChinese,Japanese,andotherAsianswhoaregettingofftheairplane.OftenthereisnoonewaitingtomeettheWesternerswhoarearriving.Theyjustcollecttheirbaggageandthentakeataxiorabustotheirdestination.,.,52,ApparentlytheAsiansthinkthatnoonearrivinginanunfamiliarplaceshouldbelefttofindtheirontheirown.Theyneedpeopleatthistime.Westernersaremorelikelytoassumethatcertainpredictableserviceswillbeavailablesuchashotelbookingcountersandtransportationservicesandthattheycanfindtheseandthecityandalreadylearnedalotabouttheairport,hotels,touristsite,whatpeoplehewillneedtocontactforparticularpurposesoncehegetsthere,wheretogetagooddinner,andmore.,.,53,Westerners,aslow-contextcommunicators,lookfor,trustanduseimpersonalsourcesofinformationwhilecommunicatorsfrommorehigh-contextculturespreferpersonalsourcesofinformation.,.,54,Across-culturaldialogueForeignaffairoffice