韩礼德与系统功能语法PPT课件

.,1,HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,GaoLei,.,2,MichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHallidayhasdevelopedideasstemmingfromFirthstheoriesintheLondonSchool.HeisprobablythemostimportantrepresentativeoftheSystemic-FunctionalSchool.,Systemic-FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.,.,3,SystemicGrammar,SystemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasaSYSTEMNETWORK,orMEANINGPOTENTIAL.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.,Thenotionofsystemismadeacentralexplanatoryprinciple,thewholeoflanguagebeingconceivedasa“systemofsystems”.Hallidaydefinessystemasasystemofpotentials,arangeofalternatives.,.,4,SystemicGrammar,person,Firstperson,Secondperson,Thirdperson,number,singular,plural,tense,past,present,future,当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则可生成句子结构。,.,5,SystemicGrammar,Theaxisofchain,Surfaceaspectsofgrammar,suchassentencestructures,linguisticunits,andtheirranks(sentence,clause,group,word,andmorpheme),Theaxisofchoice,Meaningaspectsofgrammar,choice(paradigmatic),Chain(syntagmatic),Onagenerallevel,thereistheChainSystemandtheChoiceSystem,.,6,Therelationbetweensystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar,ThesystemnetworkinSystemicGrammarchieflydescribesthreecomponentsoffunction,orthreemetafunctions(ideational,interpersonal,andtextual).Eachofthemisacomplexsystemconsistingofothersystems,andchoicesaresimultaneouslymadefromthethreemetafunctions.,.,7,FunctionalGrammar,Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras“essentiallyanaturalgrammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained”.Hallidayinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage.,theideationaltheinterpersonalthetextualfunction,Threemetafunctions,.,8,FunctionalGrammar,Theideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.,Theinterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.,Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.,.,9,Transitivity,Transitivityisagrammaticalsystem.It“specifiesthedifferenttypesofprocessthatarerecognizedinthelanguage,andthestructuresbywhichtheyareexpressed”.Thebasicsemanticframeworkfortherepresentationofprocessconsistsofthreecomponents(1)theprocessitself,(2)participantsintheprocess,and(3)circumstancesassociatedwiththeprocess.,.,10,Process,InEnglish,wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess,participants,circumstances,roles,andmembers.Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivitychoices.Wefirstdividedthechoicesintosixkinds:,Transitivity,Materialprocess(Johnkickedtheball),Mentalprocess(JohnlikesMary),RelationalProcess(Johnisonthesofa),Behaviouralprocess(Johnlaughed),Verbalprocess(Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom),Existentialprocess(Thereisacatonthesofa),.,11,Process,1.Materialprocesses:Processesofdoing,Materialprocessesareprocessesofdoing.Suchaprocessisexpressedbyanactionverb(e.g.beat、break、kick),anactor(logicalsubject)andthegoaloftheaction(logicaldirectobject,usuallyanounorapronoun).ActorandGoalcorrespondtoAgentandPatient.Forexample:,Mybrotherbrokethewindow.(Actor-Process-Goal),Thegirlsmiles.(Actor-Process),.,12,Process,2.MentalProcesses:Processesofsensing,Amentalprocessconsistsoftwoparticipants:SenserandPhenomenon.Thesenseristheconsciousbeingthatisfeeling,thinking,orseeing.Thephenomenonisthatwhichis“sensed”felt,thought,seen.Thecategoryofmentalprocessconsistsofthreeprincipalsubtypes(1)perception(seeing,hearing,etc),(2)affection(liking,fearing,etc),and(3)cognition(thinking,knowing,etc),e.g.Marylikedthegift.(Senser-Process-Phenomenon),ThegiftpleasedMary.(Phenomenon-Process-Senser),.,13,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,Relationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:theAttributiveandtheIdentifying.Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas,orwhattypeitbelongsto.Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities.,ThesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintotheIntensive(isa),Circumstantial(isata),andPossessive(hasa).,.,14,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,Attributivemode(Carrier-Process-Attribute):,Maryiswise.(intensive)ThemeetingisonaTuesday.(circumstantial)Peterhasapiano.(possessive),Identifyingmode(Identified-Process-Identifier):,(4)Tomistheleader.(intensive)(5)Tomorrowisthetenth.(circumstantial)(6)ThepianoisPeters.(possessive),.,15,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,.,16,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,Tomistheleader.TheleaderisTom.,Maryiswise.*WiseisMary.,.,17,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,Hallidaypointsoutthatinanyidentifyingclause,thereisaTokenandaValue.Thesearealwaysrelatedwiththeidentifierandtheidentified.Forexample:,e.g.Johnisourmonitor.,IdentifiedProcessIdentified,TokenValue,.,18,Process,3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeing,HallidayalsopointsoutthatifthesubjectisToken,thentheclauseisintheactivevoice.OrifthesubjectisValue,thentheclauseisinthepassivevoice.Examplesare:,e.g.Thedaughterresembleshermother.Themotherisresembledbythedaughter.,.,19,Process,4.VerbalProcesses:ProcessesofSaying,Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.Commonlyusedverbsare“say”,“tell”,“talk”,“praise”,“describe”,etc.InthistypeofprocessestheparticipantaretheSayer,Receiver,andVerbiage.Theverbiageistheverbalizationitselforthecontentofmessage.,Hesaidthat.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)Thenoticestellsyoutokeepquite.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)Sheaskedmesomequestions.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage),.,20,Process,5.BehaviouralProcesses:ProcessesofBehaving,Behaviouralprocessesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalactivitiessuchasbreathing,coughing,dreaming,andcrying,etc.Generallyonlyoneparticipant,theBehaver(oftenahuman)isinvolvedintheseprocesses.,Thegirllaughedheartily.(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial)Hesigheddeeply.(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial),.,21,Process,6.ExistentialProcesses:ProcessesofExistingorHappening,Itisusuallyrealizedbythere-construction.TheExistentintheprocessmaybeanevent,anobjectorahumanbeing.,Therewasastorm.(Process-Existent)Onthewalltherehangsapicture.(Circumstance-Process-Existent)Theresamanatthedoor.(Process-Existent-Circumstance),.,22,.,23,Participants,1.Beneficiary,Thebeneficiaryistheonetowhomorforwhomtheprocessissaidtotakeplace.Itappearsinmaterialandverbalprocesses,andsometimesinrelationalprocesses.,Materialprocessrecipient(onethatgoodsaregivento)Hegaveabooktoher.Client(onethatservicesaredonefor)Heboughtapresentforher.,Verbalprocessreceiver,Relationalprocessbeneficiary,.,24,Participants,Inamaterialprocess,RecipientandClienteachmayappearwithorwithoutapreposition,dependingonitspositionintheclause.Ifitisanexternaldative,RecipientisassociatedwiththeprepositiontoandClienttheprepositionfor.,.,25,Participants,e.g.Hegaveherabook.,(Actor-Process-Beneficiary:Recipient-Goal),Hegaveabooktoher.,(Actor-Process-Goal-Beneficiary:Recipient),Heboughtapresentforher.,(Actor-Process-Goal-Beneficiary:Client),Heboughtherapresent.,(Actor-Process-Beneficiary:Client-Goal),.,26,Participants,2.Range,TheRangeistheelementthatspecifiestherangeorscopeoftheprocess.Itmayoccurinmaterial,behavioural,mental,andverbalprocess.,Heclimbedthemountain.Theymovedthemountain.,materialprocess,Whathedidtothemountainwasclimbit.Whattheydidtothemountainwasmoveit.,Hehasthemountainclimbed.Theyhavethemountainmoved.,Theycrossedthefieldflat.Theytrampledthefieldflat.(resultativeattribute),(range),(goal),.,27,Participants,2.Range,Helikesit.(itspecifiesthedomainofonesliking),Mentalprocess:,Verbalprocess:therangeelementexpressestheclass,quality,orquantityofwhatissaid.,ShespeaksGerman.(class)Heaskedadifficultquestion.(quality)Hemadealogspeech.(quantity),.,28,Circumstances,ExtentandLocationManner(Means,QualityandComparison)Cause(Reason,PurposeandBehalf)AccompanimentMatterRole,.,29,1.ExtentandLocation,Extentisrelatedwiththenotionofdistanceandduration(astretch,aperiod)whereasLocationisrelatedwiththenotionofplaceandtime(aspot,apoint).Bothofthemcanexpressspatialandtemporalmeanings.,Hewalkedtwomiles.(Extent:spatial)Hestayedfortwoweeks.(Extent:temporal)Hestudiedintheclassroom.(Location:spatial)Hegetsupatsixoclock.(Location:temporal),.,30,2.Manner,ThecircumstantialelementofMannerconsistsofthreesubcategories:Means,Quality,Comparison.,(1a)Thepigwasbeatenwiththestick.(1b)Shebeatthepigwiththestick.(2a)Thepigwasbeatenbyastick.(2b)Thestickbeatthepig.,Meansreferstothemeansorinstrumentswherebyaprocesstakesplace.,instrument,actor,agent,Hecamebytrain.,.,31,2.Manner,Qualityexpressionsrepresentvariousmeaningssuchasdegree.,e.g.Itpuzzledhimtoomuch.,Comparisonrepresentsthemeaningofsimilarityordifference.Itistypicallyexpressedbyaprepositionalphrasewithlikeorunlike.,e.g.Heworkedlikeaslave.Hesignedhisnamedifferently.,.,32,3.Cause,Threesubcategories:Reason,Purpose,andBehalf.,Behalfreprese