高中英语_主谓一致的用法 自己整理.ppt

高中英语中主谓一致的用法,主谓一致的定义,主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致。这是英语语法中必须遵循的基本规则，也是英语和汉语区别很大的地方。,主谓一致的三大原则,一、语法一致原则二、意义一致原则三、就近原则,一、语法一致原则,主语为单数或不可数形式，则谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，则谓语动词也用复数形式。,Ioftenhelphimandheoftenhelpsme.Weoftenhelpeachother.,二、意义一致,主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，则谓语动词用复数；主语形式为复数，而意义为单数，则谓语动词用单数。,Thecrowdweresurroundingthegovernmentofficial.Mathsishardtolearn.,三、就近原则,就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。,例如：Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.,主谓一致三原则：,语法一致：单单复复,意义一致：形单意复复:peoplepolice形复意单单:newsmaths,就近一致：notonlybutalso等,由and连接两个名词时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。(bothand)ThemotherandfatherspeakalittleEnglish.2.代词做主语every,each,either,no+单数名词做主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数。Everygirlwantstolookbeautiful.Nooneknowsalltheirnames.,语法一致,(2)all表复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；all表单数时，谓语动词要用动词的第三人称单数形式。Allplanetsdonothaveasatellite.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.(3)Noneof做主语时，如果其后的名词是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果是可数名词，谓语动词单、复数均可。Noneofthewaterwasleft.(水一点也没剩。)Noneofthestudentshas/haveeverbeentotheisland.(学生中谁也没去过那个岛。),语法一致,1.主语+with(togetherwith,alongwith,),aswellas,including,ratherthan,besides,except,but,inadditionto,otherthan,like,notect.结构中，谓语与主语一致,2.不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数1Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.2Whenwedeliverthegoodshasntbeendecided.3Whenandwherewewillgohasntbeendecided.,*但当what引导的句子做主语，若后面是“be+名词”的结构时，谓语随名词变化。Eg:1.)Whatyoudidwasright.2.)Whatyouneedarethesedictionaries.,3.定语从句中,“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”从句的谓语动词复数。若在oneof前有the,theonly,thevery修饰时，从句的谓语动词则用单数。Eg:1.)Sheisoneofthesewomenwho_theviolinwell.2.)Sheistheoneofthesewomenwho_theviolinwell.,play,plays,4.定语从句中主语是关系代词who,that,which时，从句谓语动词与先行词保持一致。Eg:I,who_yourteacher,willteachyoueverythingIknow.,am,5.在强调句中，如被强调的是句子的主语时，则that/who后面的谓语动词应与被强调的主语一致eg:1.)ItisMikewhoalways_metostudymathsafterclass.2.)ItwasIratherthantheythat_punishedbytheboss.,helps,was,6.halfof./therestof./partof/plentyof/分数（%）+of.等作主语，谓语动词随of后的名词而变化。,意义一致1.由and连接的并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前没有冠词。Eg.1.)Thewriterandteacherisheruncle.2.)Apoetandartistiscomingtodeliveraspeech.3.)Myclassmateandfriend_goingtopayavisittome.4.)Aforkandknifeisonthetable.5.)Warandpeaceisoftenpeoplestopic.,is,aknifeandfork一副刀叉;breadandbutter加黄油的面包;coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡;whiskyandsoda汽水saltandwater盐水aneedleandthread针线;ahorseandcart四轮马车;awatchandchain表链;acoatandtie;配有领带的上衣warandpeace战争与和平;truthandhonesty;真诚medicalhelpandcure；药物治疗aimandend目的,2.and连接的两个或多个主语前如有each,every,no,manya(许多）等修饰时，谓语用单数。Eg.1.)Everytreeand(every)floweristobecutdown.2.)Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.3.)Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.4.)Inourcountryeachboyand(each)girlhasrighttoreceiveeducation.,3.表示时间，金钱，距离，重量等复数名词表示单位数量作主语时，被看作整体时谓语用单数。eg:Sixtyyearsisalongtime.Tendollarsisenoughforhim.Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.Fiftykilogramsisnottoolongtobecarried.*如强调具体数目，则用复数。Onehundredcentsmakeadollar.Morethanfiftyyearshavepassedsincetheygotmarried.,4.“manya+单数名词/morethanone+单数名词/oneandahalf+单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数eg:1.)manyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.2.)Morethanonestudenthasturnedupatthemeeting.3.)Oneandahalfbananawaseatenbytheboy.,5.由some,any,every,no构成的不定代词,谓语动词用单数,6.eachof/eitherof./oneof谓语动词用单数.noneof/neitherof可单可复，根据说话人的意思决定；*但代表不可数名词时，用单数eg:1.)Noneofusare/isperfect.2.)Neitherofthemknow/knowstheanswer.3.)Noneofthisworriesme./Noneofthismoneyismine.,*neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。Neitherstatementwastrue.,7.主语是书名，剧名，报纸名，国名等复数形式的名词，仍为个体，谓语用单数TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.8.带引号的词语作主语，谓语单数“I”istheninthletteroftheEnglishalphabet.,意义一致,1.集合名词family,class,team,group,crowd,audience,company,army,enemy,government,population作主语，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数若强调个体，谓语动词则用复数eg:书p5,2.集合名词cattle,clothes,people,thepolice表示复数意义谓语动词永远复数.people民族（可数名词，peoples),3.主语是单复数同形的名词deer,sheep,fish鱼,series系列,species物种,means手段,works工厂,aircraft飞行器,ect.时，视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数。Eg:1.)Anewmeanshasbeenused.2.)Manymeanshavenotcomeintoeffect.,4.以-s结尾的一些词theOlympicGames,manners,remains,earnings,belongings,goods,surroundings,winnings,leavings,ect.表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数,5.physics,politics,mathematics等一些以“-ics”结尾的词，指学科时属单数，谓语动词用单数。eg.1.)Physicsisnotdifficulttolearn.2.)Mathematicsisasubjectstudiedinnearlyeveryschool.注：若指某学科能力，成绩，应用等或非学科含义时被看作复数，谓语常用复数。Mymathematicsareweek.Whatareyourpolitics政治信仰/见解?,6.成双成对出现的复数名词如glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves,socks,slippers,scissors等作主语时，谓语通常用复数，*但如果前有a/thepairof,a/thesuitof等词语修饰时，谓语动词与pair,suit等一致，用单数。,Eg.1)Mytrousersareverynice.2)Apairofshoesisunderthebed.,7.主语是疑问代词who,what,which,不定代词all,more,most,any,none等以及名词half,part,therest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视它们所代指的名词而定。,Eg:1.)Whichismorevaluable,healthorwealth?2.)Whichareprettier,theseorthose?3.)wehadsomepaper,buttherestwasputback.,*the+adj.表示一类抽象概念时，谓语也单数Thenewissuretoreplacetheold.Thecomplicateisdifficulttounderstand.,8.“the+形容词”做主语时，表示一类人或物时，谓语动词为复数；表示具体一个个体时，谓语动词为单数。Eg.1)Theyoungarebetteratlearningnewthings.2)Theyoungismyuncle.,就近一致,就近一致,两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数TomandDick_(be)goodfriends.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。Asingeranddancer_(be)presentattheparty.Theworkerandwriter_(be)talkingtothestudents.Breadandbutter_(taste)good.(aneedleandthread,ahorseandcart,awatchandchain,acoatandtie,truthandhonesty,medicalhelpandcure),are,was,is,tastes,2用and连接的两个名词若被no,each,every,manya修饰，则谓语动词用单数。Nobirdandnobeast_(be)seeninthebareisland.Manyaboyandmanyagirl_(have)madesuchafunnyexperiment.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl_(be)givenapresent.,is,has,is,3两个主语由notonlybutalso,or,eitheror,neithernor等连接时，谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致EitherheorI_(be)togothere._(be)eitheryouorhegoingtoattendthemeeting?,am,Are,4.主语后有aswellas,like,with,togetherwith,but,except,besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致Aprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents,_(be)senttohelpinthework.Noonebuttheteachers_(be)allowedtousetheroom.,was,is,5一些集合名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数如audience,committee，class(班级),crew（全体船员或机组人员),family,government,public(公众)等，但people,police,cattle等只能用复数Myfamily_(be)abigfamily.Myfamily_(be)listeningtotheradio.Thepolice_(be)tryingtocatchthethief.,is,are,are,6.通常作复数的集体名词有些集体名词，如police,people,cattle,militia,poultry(家禽),)等，通常作复数，用复数动词。例如：Domesticcattle_(provide)uswithmilk,beefandhides.,provide,7.通常作不可数名词的集体名词有一些集体名词，如machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise(商品)，clothing通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：Themerchandise_(have)arrivedundamaged.Allthemachineryinthefactory_(be)madeinChina.,has,is,8表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管是复数形式，但作为一个整体看，谓语还是用单数。Fiveminutes_(be)enough.Onedollarandseventyeightcents_(be)whatshehas.,is,is,9.all作为主语，代表人物时，一般用作复数；代表整个事件或情况时，一般看作单数。AllthatIwant_(be)agooddictionary.All_(be)silent.人人都缄口无言。万籁俱寂。All_(be)outofdanger.,is,were,were,10形容词加定冠词the表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。Whatalifethepoorwereliving!Theyoungarehappytogivetheirseatstotheold.,11who,which,that作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。Thosewhowanttogoshouldsignyournameshere.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.,12.以-ics结尾的学科名称某些以-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics(物理学)、mathematics(数学)、mechanics(机械学)、politics(政治学)、statistics(统计学)、economics(经济学)、linguistics(语言学）athlet-ics(体育学)、等，通常作单数用。例如：,13.其他以-s结尾的名词英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s结尾，如scissors(剪子)，pincers(钳子)，glasses(眼镜），shorts(短裤)，trousers(裤子)，suspenders(吊裤带)等。这一类名词，如果不带一把、一副、一条等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数。例如：如果带有单位词，则由单位词的单、复数形式决定动词的单、复数形式。例如：Onepairofscissorsisntenough.,14.以-s结尾的地理名称某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands等，尽管带有复数词尾，但系单一政治实体，故作单数用。但若不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称、通常作复数用。例如：TheWestIndies,apartfromtheBahamas,arecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayas（喜马拉雅山脉)haveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.,15.英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如:arms(武器),clothes(衣服),contents(内容，目录)fireworks(烟火),goods(货物),minutes(记录),morals(道德，品行),remains(遗体),stairs(楼梯),suburbs(郊区),thanks(谢意),wages(工资)等，通常作复数。,16.凡是由-ings结尾的名词，如:clippings(剪下来的东西),diggings(掘出的东西),earnings(收入),filings(锉屑),lodgings(租住的房屋),surroundings(环境),sweepings(扫拢的垃圾)等,通常作复数用。例如：Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyburnt.Thesweepingsofthegodown(仓库)havebeendisposedof.,17.还有一些以-s接的单、复数同形的名词，如:headquarters(总部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂)等，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数，还是用作复数。例如：Aheadquarterswassetuptodirecttheoperation(指挥作战).TheirheadquartersareinParis.Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms(诉诸武力).,18.remains用于遗体意义时，随后的动词通常作复数：Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.Themartyrsremainswereburiedatthefootofthehill.但作遗迹或剩余物解释时，可作复数或单数用：Hereistheremainsofatemple.Theremainsofthemealwere/wasfedtothedog.,19.如果作主语的名词词组由“分数(或百分数)+of-词组”构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定。例如：Twothirdsoftheswampland(沼泽地)_(have)beenreclaimed(开垦).Oversixtypercentofthecity_(be)destroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctors_(be)women.,has,was,were,20.如果主语是allof.,someof.,noneof.,halfof.,mostof.等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如：Mostofthemoney_recoveredbyDeputyPlayer.Mostofthemembers_there.Allofthecargo_lost.Allofthecrew_saved.,was,were,was,were,21.两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：Fortyminusfifteen(40-15)leavestwenty-five.Fortydividedbyeight(40/8)isfive.Sevenandfive(7+5)makes/maketwelve.Fivetimeseight(5+8)is/areforty.,22.如果主语是由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名词”构成，动词用单数。例如：Thiskindofmanannoysme.,但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：Thesekindsofmenannoyme.Thosetypes/sortsofmachinesareuptodate.,23.如果主语是由“manya+名词”或“morethanone+名词”构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。例如：Manyamanhasdonehisduty.Morethanonegamewaslost.,24.1)由who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。,2).两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如：Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.,3).以what-分句作主语的SVC结构在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，主句补语是复数名词，如果主句谓语动词可用复数。,25.1).在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句动词通常依照语法一致原则用复数形式。例如：Joanisoneo