专四词汇语法PPT课件

.,1,英语专业四级语法词汇精讲,姚晓东北京大学英语系yaoxdd,.,2,个人追求环球学术：方法；规律，智慧做人：个人成长，一种经历、体验，人生态度英语学习勤奋方法,.,3,整体框架,1.特殊结构2.基本类别主谓一致冠词代词；代词时态，语态，体非谓语情态动词、助动词虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型3.词汇:同根异义/词形近似近义词辨析词组，固定搭配，小品词,.,4,1.特殊结构,Itis(high)timesbdidsthItisessential/necessarysb(should)dosthAisBwhatCisD表示比较的：nomore/lessthan;nobetterthan；notmorethan,notlessthan;notsomuchas与其不如Nootherthan除之外没有；Otherthan除了,.,5,BeherichorpoorSomethingof/muchofa+职业;有点天赋Hewillmakeafirst-classsingercannot/cannevertoo越越好cannotbutdo禁不住Annneverdreamsof_forhertobesentabroadverysoon.AtherebeingachanceBtheretobeachanceCtherebeachanceDbeingachanceItsuncommonfortheretobe,.,6,Knowbetterthantodo,bewiseenoughnottodoWouldrather+从句：宁愿Without,Butfor,haditnotbeenfor,onlythat:要不是,若非Allbut=almost，几乎，差一点Theoldmanisallbutblind.,.,7,nothingbut只;anythingbut决非;nonebut只有nothingelsethan只不过Noneotherthan；nooneelsebut正是，不是别的assuch就本身而言，以这种身份；同样地ForallinspiteofSuchastodo如此以致于,.,8,save=exceptmuchas=although;hardashetried;cleverasheis表示让步Itisuncommon/rare/strangefortheretobesth.But=whodontTherearefewbutunderstandhisnewideas.,.,9,Lest;incase;forfear(of/that),forfearlest(should)万一，以防，生怕Inthat：由于，因为；既然；（不强调因果关系，只是理由之一）nowthat既然（由于，既然）,obviousreason.突出事件性，表突发情况，用nowthat，that可省略.一般句首，婉转。Nowthatyouarebusy,letmedoitforyou.既然你忙，就让我给你做吧。,.,10,Ifonly：aslongas只要：Ifonlyitclearsup,wellgo.要是该多好：IfonlyIhadanotherchance.Onlyif只有当(只是在.时)可倒可不倒OnlyifIgetajobwillIhaveenoughmoneytogotoschool.,.,11,much,somuchas甚至,连.也.(一般用于否定句):与其，不如muchas:非常象,和.几乎一样;尽管，虽然asmuch同样地;这样地;同等数量/程度的thatmuchsomuch这那么多,这那么些asmuchas多达.,达到.程度;几乎等于,和.差不多asmuch.as.同.一样多的,跟.达到同一程度bymuch大大地,.得多eversomuch非常forasmuchas由于,既然,.,12,2.基本类别,主谓一致冠词代词；代词时态，语态，体非谓语情态动词、助动词虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型,.,13,3.词汇:同根异义/词形近似近义词辨析词组，固定搭配，小品词,.,14,1.主谓一致,主谓一致的三原则语法一致：大多数谓语劢词的单复数形式叏决亍主语的人称。意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集吅的各个成员时用复数。就近一致：往往采用就近原则。,.,15,单数的几种情况,1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式。2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式。3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式。4、each,every,one,either,neither,manya,morethanone,notonlyone等作主语戒者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式。5、thenumberof作主语时，用单数形式。,.,16,6.aportion/series/species/swarm/kind+of+n.作主语时，用单数形式。注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式。7.由and连接的短语作主语：用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数。Eg.JackandJill;,.,17,注意：,连接的名词或代词前后都有every,each,no,manya等修饰。Everyhourandeveryminuteisprecioustome.连接的名词戒代词表示单一概念指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式。Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.其他：friendandfoe;butterandbread,partandparcel(重要的部分),needleandthread;theebbandflow。,.,18,复数的几种情况,1.anumberof作主语，用复数形式；2.由and,bothand连接的短语作主语，用复数；3.people,police,clergy（牧师）,cattle,poultry,vermin（害虫，寄生虫）,militia（民兵）等等作主语时，用复数；4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时，如：remains,riches,scissors（剪刀）,shears（大剪刀）,clothes,pants,leavings（残余）,annals（年报，编年史）5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。e.g.Fivethousandsquaremetersofhousinghavebeenbuilt.,.,19,根据语意,抽象、具体均可：audience,class,club,committee,family,firm,government,public,jury,school,staff,team,union,police。Thetelevisionpublicisincreasingrapidly.电视观众正急速增长。Thepublicaretiredofdemonstrations.公众对示威感到厌烦。Thepoliceareonhistrack.警察在跟踪他。单复同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep,swine,series,species,means等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数。,.,20,theminority/majorityof+n.,plenty/part/half/rest/xpercentof+n.作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。form(s)/kind(s)/type(s)of+n.作主语时，谓语单复数与form(s)等的单复数一致。注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式。e.g.Twokindsofsalthavebeenprovedtobeharmfultohumanbody.,.,21,the+adj.作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数。Thedeadwashismother.死者是他的母亲。ThehomelessinHaitiarereportedtobemorethan50,000.在强调句中，强调主语时，that/who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语。e.g.Itwasthedriverwhowastoblamefortheaccident.是司机对应该对这件事事故负责。,.,22,就近原则,or,eitheror,neithernor,notonly(but)also等作主语时：e.g.NeitheryounorIamwrong.aswellas应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。accompaniedwith,asmuchas,besides,except,including,inadditionto,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith,alongwith,with,but,like,morethan,nolessthan,exceptfortherebe句型中，谓语使用就近原则。,.,23,Manya+单名谓单Oneandahalf+复名谓单（复）One+Nandahalf+谓单Morethanone+单名+谓单More+复名thanone+谓复Agreat/goodmany(of)studentshave,.,24,2.代词,All,someone,none,oneAlmost,most,many,much,moreWhat，whatever，whicheverNothingbut,anythingbut,ofoneself自动的，属于自己的inoneself从本质上说Onecannotmakeasilkpurseoutofasowsear.巧妇难为无米之炊.,.,25,单复数的概念,each和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体。all指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数。none作代词，谓语单复数两可。三者之间的相互关系不用among,而是用between,.,26,肯定与否定,完全肯定：Bothofthetwobooksaregood.Allofthebooksaregood.完全否定：Neitherofthetwobooksis/aregood.Noneofthebooksisgood.部分否定：Bothofthetwobooksarenotgood.NotallofuslikeEnglish.,.,27,其它要点,在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前another3miles;3milesmore。other与some,any,no,every,数词连用时，置于这些词的后面。other与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。everyotherday/while/week每隔three:one,theother,anothertwo:thebiggeroneisred.,.,28,反义疑问句,祈使句；Lets,shallwe?Letus,willyou?Iwish后的反义疑问句e.g.Iwishtohaveanothertry,mayI?陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may。否定性的；(un-,dis-,im,in-,ir-除外),.,29,当陈述部分是I(We)think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。Ithinkthathehasdonehisbest,hasnthe?Idontthinkthatyoucandoit,canyou?Wedontbelievethatthenewsistrue,isit?Ibelievehecanfindhernowhere,canhe?非第一人称：按照正常来变化Hedidntthinkthatthenewswastrue,didhe?,.,30,陈述部分主语是everything,nothing,anything或something时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone,nobody,noone,none,neither时，they；偶见：Everyonelikesthebook,doesnthe?(dontthey?)Iamastudent,arentI?,.,31,祈使句时一般用willyou表示请求，用wontyou表示委婉请求或邀请。如：Dositdown,wontyou?/willyou?Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(wontyou?)Dontmakeanynoise,willyou?Youdbettertellhimaboutthematter,hadntyou?Therearetwocakesontheplate,arentthere?Heusedtoliveinthecountry,didnthe?/usednthe?,.,32,陈述部分must(may,might)+have+V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时形式。Hemighthaveforgottenhispenintheclassroomyesterday,didnthe?Youmusthavegotuplatethismorning,didntyou?若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式。如：Everyonemusthaveknownthedeathofthewaitress,haventthey？,.,33,陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替。Todoonegooddeediseasyforaperson,isntit?Skatingisyourfavoritesport,isntit?陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：Whathesaidistrue,isntit?(不用didnthe?)Wherewewillbuildthedamhasnotbeendecidedyet,hasit?(不用wontwe?),.,34,3.冠词,A,an,the,/,所有格固定搭配Nonetheless依然，还是Heisapoetandsingerbythehour/AhouseofpalaceTheinstant/moment=assoonas,.,35,不定冠词,1.表示任何一个，或第一次提起某事物时用a,an.2.表示人或事物的某一种类，强调整体，即以其中的一个代表一类要用a/an。3.不定冠词用于“单位”前，表示“每一”。2timesaday.4.be+of+a(an)+n.，表示不相同的。Tomandhissisterareofaheight.,.,36,定冠词the,1.谈话双方都清楚谈论对象是何物时要用the。2.表示独一无二的事物前要用the。3.在江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、半岛、运河、山脉、沙漠等词前要用the。4.形容词转化为名词时，用示表示一类人，在前面要用the。5.在组织、团体前要用the。6.姓the职位，表示一种称谓方法。7.Festival表示的节日前要用the；Day表示的节日前不用the。,.,37,8.在季节、月份、日期、星期等名称前，一般不用the。（有修饰语时要用the）9.在街道、公园、大学、刊物等名称前，一般不用the。10.在表示官衔、头衔、职务或职称的名词之后跟名词时，不用the。（ChairmanMao）11.泛指玩某种游戏，不用。12.语言、交通工具等名词前，不用the。13.动词turn后面的名词前不用the。（有修饰语时要用the）（Hismotherturnedengineer.）14、疾病前不用the。,.,38,15.地名、人名、国名等与有名词前一般不用the。注意：专有名词前有修饰性的句子成分时，要用the。（theoldChina）在一个姓氏的复数形式前加the，表示一家人。（theSmiths）当由普通名词构成的专有名词词组，一般要用the。（theUnitedNations）,.,39,零冠词,1.专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。2.日常餐食之前不用冠词。3.球类、棋类运动之前不用冠词。4.在自家人或熟人间谈到家庭成员时，不用冠词，要大写。underfire遭到进攻；受到攻击或责难：Beunderfireformismanagement.Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.玩火者必自焚。,.,40,其它要点,byday在白天；attable吃饭behindtime误点onhand可用的athand邻近，在近旁；迫在眉睫；即将发生inhandundercontrol:在控制之中；在准备中infuture今后,往后；从现在起inthefuture将来,未来,.,41,4.介词,by表相差概念by3inches表单位：bythe+单位against反对；映衬着e.g.Themountainlooksgreatagainstthesky.timeattimes=fromtimetotime不时的atatime=everytime每一次atonetime=once曾经atnotime=bynomeans不可能,.,42,inreturn(for)作为报答allaboveall最重要的afterall毕竟inall总共forall=despite尽管allinall总而言之,.,43,5.名词,Wordataword立即Sheputinagoodwordforme.她替我说好话havenowordsfor无法描述或谈论inawordInshort;insummary:of(ones)word说话算数haveawordwith与.商谈havewordswith和.争吵,.,44,mind,Greatmindsthinkalike英雄所见略同bodyandmind身心;肉体和精神after/againstonesmind合.的心意beinnomoodforsth.todosth.不想做某事,无意做某事beintheamoodforsth.todosth.,.,45,N+N,名词可以作定语修饰名词，作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。材料adiamondnecklace；abamboopolepapermoney；astonebridge用途ameetingroom;thetelephonepolestradeunion;welcomespeech,.,46,时间adaybed;thedinnerpartyeveningsuit;middaylunch地点Londonhotels;bodytemperaturethespaceshipfloor;thekitchenwindow,.,47,内容astorybook；pianolessonsthesportsmeet；oxygensupplytheairpressure；thegrammarrules类别childreneducation;enemysoldiersabusdriver,.,48,名词修饰名词一般用单数，但以下例外,1)用复数作定语。如：sportsmeeting运动会；studentsreading-room；talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：menworkers;womenteachers;gentlemenofficials；Boy,girl单数,.,49,3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goodstrain(货车)；armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件；clothesbrush衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozeneggs两打鸡蛋aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan一个五年计划,.,50,toomuch与muchtoo,toomuch:“太多”，充当形容词用时，too是副词，修饰much。如：Ihavetoomuchworktodo.副词，如：WatchingTVtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.代词用时，后面不接名词。如：Yougavemetoomuch.你给我的太多了。muchtoo意为“太”，much(副词)用来修饰too，以加强语气，只可起副词作用，在句中修饰形容词或副词。如：Itsmuchtooexpensive.太贵了。Youwalk(much)toofaryesterday.,.,51,倍数表达,1.Theriverislongerthanthatonebythreetimes.2.Theriveristhreetimeslongerthanthatone.3.Theriverisfourtimesaslongasthatone.4.Theriverisfourtimesthelengthofthatone.5.Thelengthoftherailwayisthreetimeswhatitwastenyearsago.,.,52,6.非谓语,SbbeseentodosthSeesbdosthSeesbdoingsthSeesthdoneSeeoneselfdone(被动）Makeoneselfdone（看宾语和宾补的关系）,.,53,不定式做表语：Hiswishwastobecomealawyer.当主语含有do的结构时，表语的to可以省略。Thethingtodois(to)do.All/whatwecandois(to)do.考点：v.+it+adj.+todosthfind,think,feel,believe,considerTheyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.cannottoo表示再也不为过Listeningpracticecannotbestressedtoostrongly.,.,54,make,have,let表示“使、让”（注意：get,want不能省略）被动时加上:bemadeto,besaidto不定式和疑问词who,what,which,whether,when,how,where等的连用：Howtogetthepermissionisaquestion.Iwonderwhotofollow.,.,55,固定句型,wouldratherdosth.thandosth.wouldsoonerdosth.thandosth.cannotbutdosth.只有干某事cannothelpbutdosth.只有干某事wouldassoondosth.尽快wouldassoondosth.asdosth.一就,.,56,may/mightaswelldosth.还是样吧(建议）；也会吧may/mightwelldosth.很可能sb.shouldknowbetterthantodosth.不该做某事otherthan+名词/动名词：除以外morethan+名词/动名词：不仅仅ratherthan+名词/动名词：是什么而不是什么,.,57,动名词考点,Itis+no+n.+doing这样的名词有：use,good,fun,luck,注意：Thereisno+n.+todoonlytodo想不到、反而onlydoing结果指示,.,58,7.时和体,1.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：(1)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；,.,59,(3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示将要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。,.,60,2.以下几类动词一般不用进行时，不用于完成进行时：(1)表感知：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste；(2)表意愿、情感：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate；(3)表思考、看法：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)所有、占有：belongto,owe,own,possess；(5)其他：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem,.,61,(3)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：ItisntthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(4)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.,.,62,(5).完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.(6).by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.,.,63,Onceenvironmentaldamage_,ittakesmanyyearsforthesystemtorecover.A)hasdoneB)istodoC)doesD)isdoneOnce/unless(p.76,77),.,64,6.被动语态,Make对合适：Oakmakesstrongfurniture橡木合适做耐用家具发展成为Shewillmakeafinedoctor.她将会成为一个好医生估计是；估算：Imaketheheight20feet.Makeup整理；构成；弥补；捏造makeout:辨明；理解；写下，列出；进展Makegood:实现，弥补,.,65,Yourhairwants_.Youdbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A)cutB）tocutC)cuttingD)beingcutWritewell,washwell,wearcomfortable,.,66,sightonsight=atthesightof一看见就outofsight【俚】remarkable;incredibleInsight;keepinsight;knowbysight见过面;面熟;仅熟悉Outofsight,outofmind.谚去者日以疏;人别则情疏;眼不见,心不烦。,.,67,7.虚拟语气,Should,were,had+主语Butfor/withoutItstimeInonly该多好Forfear;least,incase（should）,.,68,含蓄条件句句型标志：Without/Butfor/Otherwise/OrWithoutyourhelp,wewouldnthavemadesuchbigprogress.（Ifwehadntgotyourhelp）inorderthat/sothat,引导从句may/might，can/coulddoleast,forfearthat,incast,引导从句shoulddoIts(high)time,引导从句didWouldrather,引导从句did,.,69,proposal,suggestion,order,(should)+doItsnecessary/important/essential/desirablethat.sth/sb(should)+doInsist，Itssuggested/required/orderedthatsb.(should)dosthItsapitythatsb.(should)dosth.,.,70,8.情态动词,Dare作情态动词主要用亍否定或疑问句中。oughtto/shouldhavedone，指过去的动作，表示一件事情该做而未做。oughtto/shouldnothavedone，表示不该做的却做了。NeednthavedoneCouldnthavedoneMusthavedone;mighthavedone,.,71,表示“意愿戒习惯”（will/would,shall/should）will/would表示主语的意愿或习惯would和usedto都可以表示一种过去的习惯。would主要用于回忆过去；usedto主要用于和现在对比，表示已经不存在的状态。WhenIwasstudyinginthemiddleschoolinShanghai,Iwouldgotothelibraryeveryweekend.Iusedtosmoke,butIquititnow.,.,72,shall/should表示主语以外其他人的意愿，强调一种要求。注意：shall用亍第二、第三人称，表示强烈愿望，表示命令，警告，允诺。含有一定要他人做某事乊意。YoushalldowhatItellyoutodo.你必须告诉做我告诉你去做的事。,.,73,用法类似情态动词的短语,usedto+do（过去经常干某事）；beusedto+doing（习惯于干某事）may/might(just)aswell：“还不如”，表示推荐更佳方案。(hadbetter)Youmayaswelltellthetruth.cannotbut+do表示不得不同意e.g.Hecannotbutgohomeonfoot.他不得不步行回家。Should：表示竟然，吃惊,.,74,9.从句(比较，时间，让步）,otherwise在口语中常常可以用or(else)来代替Wemustbeearlyor(else)wewontgetaseat.方式状语从句as引导的方式状语从句asas可以用于表示两个人或物不同性质的比较，指程度相当或相等，意为“而”Oneisasfatastheotheristhin.一个胖，而另一个瘦。句型“AistoBwhatCistoD”，意为：A之于B就像C之于D一样Wateristofishwhatairistoman.水对鱼的关系就好比空气对人一样。,.,75,让步状语从句,as,though,muchas引导的让步状语从句as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装Hardashetried,hefailedtheexam.注意：1如果是动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词：do,does,did,will等。Failashedid,hewouldnevergiveup.单数名词提前置于句首时，该名词前不加任何冠词。Childasheis,he.,.,76,在正式文体中，though引导的状语从句也要倒装，结构与as类似。注意：当though不倒装时，可与although互换。当从句表示某种假设的情况时，通常用though，不用althoughThougheveryonedesertsyou,Iwillnot.哪怕人人都离你而去，我也不会。,.,77,时间状从