托福简化句子题PPT课件

.苑,1,简化句子题,Simplification,.苑,2,1.找出主干：当我们完成对于长难句的句类判断时，我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。对于简单句来说，我们要找出这个句子的主干，也就是主谓宾语。2.句内逻辑：而对于复杂句来说，我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。,.苑,3,A,Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.A.Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.B.Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.C.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.D.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.,.苑,4,A选项存在转折逻辑词but，且讲到当孔大的时候水会变成水滴，but孔小的时候就变成薄膜。主干、逻辑齐全，故正确。B选项错在有主干，但缺少转折逻辑词。C选项也有主干，但是逻辑关系写成了并列and，但实际上应该是转折关系。D选项说当孔大的时候变成薄膜，这和原句的主干意思完全相反。原句中说水在孔大的时候应该变成水滴。,.苑,5,Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthantheirreligioususefulness.Asocietysritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmythswereadmiredforartisticqualities.Theartisticqualityofamythwassometimesanessentialreasontytoabandonitfromtheoraltradition.Someearlysocietiesstoppedusingmythsintheirreligiouspracticeswhenritesceasedtobeseenasusefulforsocialwell-being.Mythssometimessurvivedinasocietystraditionbecauseoftheirartisticqualitiesevenaftertheywerenolongerdeemedreligiouslybeneficial.,.苑,6,d,Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthantheirreligioususefulness.Asocietysritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmythswereadmiredforartisticqualities.-主干就错误Theartisticqualityofamythwassometimesanessentialreasontoabandonitfromtheoraltradition.丢弃是不对的Someearlysocietiesstoppedusingmythsintheirreligiouspracticeswhenritesceasedtobeseenasusefulforsocialwell-being.没有体现主干需要的保留：retain”主要意思Mythssometimessurvivedinasocietystraditionbecauseoftheirartisticqualitiesevenaftertheywerenolongerdeemedreligiouslybeneficial.perfect主干一定要成立，theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualities逻辑关系也要成立,.苑,7,c,Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.A.becauceoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes,treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes.B.asaltitudesincreases,thevelocityofwindsincreases,leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes.C.thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity,whichincreasewithaltitude,cancausehardshipfortrees.D.increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees,andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees.,.苑,8,As用法,1.as单独引导定语从句，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：(1)Sheislate,asisoftenthecase.2.as作介词，意思是作为，以身份。例如：HecametoChinaasatouristfiveyearsago.。3.as作副词的用法：相同地，同样地。例如：Theydon”thaveasmanyairplanes.4.as作关系代词的用法1.as引导定语从句与其他词连用用于thesame.as结构中ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.用于such.as结构Idon”tlikesuchbooksasherecommends.用于so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+as结构中IamnotsostrongamanasIwas.5.引导时间状语，相当于when：Youwillgrowwiserasyougrowolder,.苑,9,C,Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.A.becauceoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes,treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes.意思相反B.asaltitudesincreases,thevelocityofwindsincreases,leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes.跟树的数量无关C.thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity,whichincreasewithaltitude,cancausehardshipfortrees.D.increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees,andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees.-逻辑关系不对原句的逻辑关系决定于“as”，在这里面很明显是代指前面整句话的。,.苑,10,C,Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.A.eventhoughAswambumovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.B.thebackboneofA,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.C.althoughAhadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.D.bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAswam.,.苑,11,找主干，逻辑关系,Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.A.eventhoughAswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.主句错误B.thebackboneofA,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.逻辑关系不成立C.althoughAhadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.D.bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAswam.主体对象错误主干：Ambulocetusswam。bymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown，逻辑关系是转折关系“eventhough”,.苑,12,A,Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.A.desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.B.slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.C.thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.D.desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.,.苑,13,A,Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.A.desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.主干正确B.slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.主干错误，而且因素的并列关系不成立C.thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.因素缺乏，片面性D.desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.片面性和主干错误主干是desertification的严重性起因于（因为）vastland,largepeople,seldomreversingorslowing（几个并列原因）,.苑,14,C,Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.A.Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.B.Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewmachines.C.Edisondidnotwanttodevelpoprojectiontechnologybecaseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.D.Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.,.苑,15,C,Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.A.Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.主干错误B.Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewmachines.原因从句意思错误C.Edisondidnotwanttodevelpoprojectiontechnologybecaseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.D.Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.逻辑关系不成立,.苑,16,D,Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplaceandsupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.Ecologistsnowthinkthatthestabilityofanenvironmentisaresultofdiversityratherthanpatchiness.Patchyenvironmentsthatvaryfromplacetoplacedonotoftenhavehighspeciesdiversity.Uniformenvironmentscannotbeclimaxcommunitiesbecausetheydonotsupportasmanytypesoforganismsaspatchyenvironments.Apatchyenvironmentisthoughttoincreasestabilitybecauseitisabletosupportawidevarietyoforganisms.,.苑,17,Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplaceandsupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.Ecologistsnowthinkthatthestabilityofanenvironmentisaresultofdiversityratherthanpatchiness.Patchyenvironmentsthatvaryfromplacetoplacedonotoftenhavehighspeciesdiversity.Uniformenvironmentscannotbeclimaxcommunitiesbecausetheydonotsupportasmanytypesoforganismsaspatchyenvironments.Apatchyenvironmentisthoughttoincreasestabilitybecauseitisabletosupportawidevarietyoforganisms.,.苑,18,A,EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.DespitethecurrentimpressivesizeoftheOgallalaaquifer,theregionsclimatekeepstheratesofwateradditionverysmall.Althoughtheaquiferhasbeenaddingwaterattherateofonlyhalfacentimeterayear,itwilleventuallyaccumulateenoughwateroffillLakeHuron.Becauseoftheregionspresentclimaticconditions,waterisbeingaddedeachyeartotheaquifer.Evenwhentheregionexperiencesunfortunateclimaticconditions,theratesofadditionofwatercontinuetoincrease.,.苑,19,Aquifer地下蓄水层,EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.DespitethecurrentimpressivesizeoftheOgallalaaquifer,theregionsclimatekeepstheratesofwateradditionverysmall.Althoughtheaquiferhasbeenaddingwaterattherateofonlyhalfacentimeterayear,itwilleventuallyaccumulateenoughwateroffillLakeHuron.主干不成立Becauseoftheregionspresentclimaticconditions,waterisbeingaddedeachyeartotheaquifer.主干不成Evenwhentheregionexperiencesunfortunateclimaticconditions,theratesofadditionofwatercontinuetoincrease.主干不成立,.苑,20,B,Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest