1224wetransfer2 3 Clockmaking in China Research Notes

Clockmaking in ChinaClocks in Chinamechanical time pieces were first brought to China by European Jesuits as gifts to the imperial court；matthe EO Ricci presented two clocks to the Wanli emperor in 1601。mattheo Ricci s de christiana expeeditone(1615)Gives details about his experience of the introduction of clocks to the imperial courtthe first work that presnted europen clock make techniques in Chinese Was written in 1627 by the german je suit Johann s chreck prepared their 1627 translation entitled diagrams and explosions of the marve lous devices of the far west it represented the first work in chineset he see also一章b . tiam m . who have written a number of articles on Wang Zhou s contribution of the disseination of western mechanical knowledge in chheckImperial WritingUnder the Qianlong emperor，clocks began to appear in offit documents，Including the 1766 Huang Chao liqi tushi(illustrated regulation)clocks also appeared in the personal writings of the emperors，with Kangxi，yonagzhou，And Qianlong all writing poems in praise of theise63 onwards)painting of scene from dream of the red chamber with visible clock by sun Wen(b . 19 thc): https:/red chamber . dash . umn . edu/omeka/StatusIn the 18th c century，clocks beckname a status of the elite，perhaps for their rarity or the association with the emperor，And thus they couldthis period was also one of social mobility in China，which allowed a redefined elite class to purchase clocks for their own homes；previously it was only the literati who could afford such items(PAG ani : 2001)。the domestic nature of these clocks is evided in painting and literature from the period .the dream of the red chamber(honglou Meng)(Cao xueqi(mid-18 thc)which is one of China s four classic novels，ing the clock reports the time in the Chinese double-hour system which mirrors clocks made contemporaneously in Suzhou that supposeddly told the titiesOther Notions of TimeElman notes that the role of the astro-calend ric bureau in determining aupicious days had continued under the je suits。imperial time was not christia Nished ，Though Belgian missionary father Ferdinand ver biest s calculations of the calendar in 1668nevertheless，Traditions associated with the cosmological and ritual aspects of the calendar still had to be followwed(Elman : 2015does this tell us something about the way western notions of time were and were not taken up in China in this period？Imperial Workshopsbe aware that when talking about imperial relationships and crafts people be aware of ethnic groups e . g . Manchu，qi etc .Terminology hierarchyImperial Household (neiwufu)供应(guangchusi)office of manufacture(Zao banchu): officely established in 1693 to aid organising workshops more efficiently。office of clock manufacture : created in 1723，closed 1879锁定工作区/chime锁定工作区标记The WorkshopsIn the 18th c，the imperial clock collection was always looked after by a je suit，usuallswiss(Elman 33600 2003，239)，Thoughthe imperial workshops were set up by emperor kang Xi in the late 17 th c to mirror the acad mie royale des sciences and in 1693 he had crafts men from all oversthe workshops，Which operated under the administration of the imperial house hold，Were a fluctuating number of between 13 and 42there is a discrepancy among scholars about the number of imperial workshops : there may have been as many as thisrty-one workshops the workshops were staffed by western clock makers，qi craftsmen，And eunuchs。ca