托福阅读十大题型PPT课件

.,1,TOEFLREADINGFinal十大题型解题方法,.,2,认识托福阅读考什么？,.,3,托福阅读考试简介,四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。,.,4,认识托福阅读怎么考？,词汇句子理解句间关系文章结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试(单词+句法),词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题,考查重点,十大题型,.,5,词汇题,出题方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！词汇题做法,.,6,背单词！,不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它,词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆,PaleontologistPaleontology,SkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrata,DinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrian,SedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-blooded,PotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln,.,7,词汇题解题技巧,认识直接选+带回文章确认选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识词根词缀回文章找同、反义对应,.,8,认识褒义色彩,TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported,.,9,认识褒义色彩,TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported,.,10,认识贬义色彩,TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon,.,11,认识贬义色彩,TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon,.,12,词根词缀,TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurround,.,13,词根词缀,TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurroundover在上面lie躺着覆盖,.,14,同义概念,TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.,.,15,同义概念,TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.,.,16,反义概念,TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.,.,17,反义概念,TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.,.,18,指代题,出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto考查关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧往前找，两个一致数量单、复数性质动作发出者的特性,.,19,非代词,TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciersThewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles,.,20,非代词,TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles,.,21,代词,TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,.,22,代词,TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,.,23,细节题,出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?TheauthorsdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,XoccursbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,XdidYbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系,.,24,细节题,考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问,做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干原文选项,.,25,Example1.,TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.,.,26,Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.,Example1.定位CC,.,27,Example1.读懂原文,Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,.,28,Example1.选出答案,Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）,.,29,Example2.,TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.,.,30,Example2.定位LCclimate,Paragraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodays.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.,.,31,Example2.读懂原文,theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodaysmilder更温和,.,32,Example2.选出答案,Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder,.,33,定位alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.,.,74,Example2.原文分析,Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.推不出上下文往前看Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.冬天低地有植物+鹿从高地到低地冬天高地没吃的,.,75,Example2.对应选项,TPO4-1-2.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditionscausesomedeertohibernatemakefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeermakeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplantspreventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinter,.,76,修辞目的题,出题方式例子类TheauthordiscussesXinordertoWhydoestheauthormentionX?TheauthorusesXasanexampleof段落类WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?HowisparagraphXrelatedtootherpartsofthepassage?考查作者意图,.,77,例子类出题套路,问“作者为什么说某事”把作者说的“某事”通通理解为例子找观点根据题干定位回出题点观点所在位置的五种情况：1.观点直接在前半句或者前一句；2.例子的前一句不是观点，只是描述性fact或explanation，那么观点很可能是段首句；3.如果例子的后一句话以代词、或者表示结果的连接词如therefore，thus，so，consequently开头，或者例子之后有冒号，那么观点很可能是后一句；4.并列例子，例子的前一句是另外一个例子，那么观点在段首，或者前一个例子之前；TPO12-1-95.相反观点的举例，段落中出现两个相反的观点，例子用来支持后一个观点，那么在选项中很可能表现为第一个观点的反例（counterexample/alternative）TPO23-3-40先读懂观点，然后看例子是如何证明观点，对应选项,.,78,段落类出题套路,段落类题目考查对段落主旨、段落结构及段间关系的理解五种类型：1.段落目的，一般直接看段首主旨句，并通过抓每句主干的方式快速浏览段落TPO12-1-122.段落结构(organizationoftheparagraph)，一般用抓主干读句子的方法浏览，通常为观点对比或例子支持观点的结构3.具体某两段关系：两段衔接处，前一段段末和后一段段首4.某一段和整个文章其他段落的关系：首先弄清楚该段大意，再看它之前和之后那两段的段首5.文章整体结构(organizationofthepassage)，只可能在倒数第三题出现，前面题目已经做完，对文章结构应该有印象，直接选即可；如果印象不清楚，可以通过看段首句的方式理清段落间关系,.,79,Example7.后半句例子,TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMarsoutflowchannelsToindicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMarsoutflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplains,.,80,Example7.例子证明观点,Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperhapsasmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.,.,81,Example7.对应选项,TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMarsoutflowchannelsToindicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMarsoutflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplains,.,82,Example8.独立的例子,TPO4-1-5.TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.TherewasmoregameforhuntingintheEastoftheUnitedStatesthanintheWest.Individualexplorerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.,.,83,Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudsonsBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregonein1832,huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops.,.,84,Example8.对应选项,TPO4-1-5.TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.（variedfluctuated）MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.TherewasmoregameforhuntingintheEastoftheUnitedStatesthanintheWest.Individualexplorerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.,.,85,思考,托福阅读文章的行文特点/段落结构,.,86,思考,托福阅读文章的行文特点如果答案是例子信息，通常不选,.,87,Example9.段落目的,TPO9-1-7.Theauthorspurposeinparagraph4istoindicatethatanumberofrecentgeologicstudiesseemtoprovidesupportforthecoastalhypothesisindicatethatcoastalandinlandmigrationsmayhavehappenedsimultaneouslyexplainwhyhumansmayhavereachedAmericasnorthwestcoastbeforeanimalsandplantsdidshowthatthecoastalhypothesismayexplainhowpeoplefirstreachedAlaskabutitcannotexplainhowpeoplereachedareaslikemodernBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState,.,88,Paragraph4:Morerecentgeologicstudiesdocumentedde-glaciationandtheexistenceofice-freeareasthroughoutmajorcoastalareasofBritishColumbia,Canada,by13,000yearsago.ResearchnowindicatesthatsizableareasofsoutheasternAlaskaalongtheinnercontinentalshelfwerenotcoveredbyicetowardtheendofthelastIceAge.Onestudysuggeststhatexceptfora250-milecoastalareabetweensouthwesternBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState,theNorthwestCoastofNorthAmericawaslargelyfreeoficebyapproximately16,000yearsago.Vastareasalongthecoastmayhavebeende-glaciatedbeginningaround16,000yearsago,possiblyprovidingacoastalcorridorforthemovementofplants,animals,andhumanssometimebetween13,000and14,000yearsago.,.,89,Example9.对应选项,TPO9-1-7.Theauthorspurposeinparagraph4istoindicatethatanumberofrecentgeologicstudiesseemtoprovidesupportforthecoastalhypothesisindicatethatcoastalandinlandmigrationsmayhavehappenedsimultaneouslyexplainwhyhumansmayhavereachedAmericasnorthwestcoastbeforeanimalsandplantsdidshowthatthecoastalhypothesismayexplainhowpeoplefirstreachedAlaskabutitcannotexplainhowpeoplereachedareaslikemodernBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState,.,90,Example10.段落关系,TPO5-3-6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenparagraph2andparagraph3?Paragraph2putsforwardseveralscientificclaims,oneofwhichisrejectedinparagraph3.Paragraph2posesseveralquestions,andparagraph3offersapossibleanswertooneofthem.Paragraph2presentsoutdatedtraditionalviews,whileparagraph3presentsthecurrentscientificconclusions.Paragraph2introducesageneralizationthatisillustratedbyspecificexamplesinparagraph3.,.,91,Paragraph2:Scientistshaveaskedimportantquestionsaboutthisexplosionformorethanacentury.WhydiditoccursolateinthehistoryofEarth?Theoriginofmulticellularformsoflifeseemsarelativelysimplestepcomparedtotheoriginoflifeitself.Whydoesthefossilrecordnotdocumenttheseriesofevolutionarychangesduringtheevolutionofanimals?Whydidanimallifeevolvesoquickly?Paleontologistscontinuetosearchthefossilrecordforanswerstothesequestions.Paragraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.,.,92,Example10.对应选项,TPO5-3-6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenparagraph2andparagraph3?Paragraph2putsforwardseveralscientificclaims,oneofwhichisrejectedinparagraph3.Paragraph2posesseveralquestions,andparagraph3offersapossibleanswertooneofthem.Paragraph2presentsoutdatedtraditionalviews,whileparagraph3presentsthecurrentscientificconclusions.Paragraph2introducesageneralizationthatisillustratedbyspecificexamplesinparagraph3.,.,93,句子插入题,出题方式,.,94,句子插入题,考查关键句子之间的衔接，段落结构做题原则插入句子与上下文衔接紧密同时不破坏原文已有的衔接概括信息插入具体信息之前,.,95,句子插入题,应对技巧读懂待插入句，划分句意找待插入句子关键词：代词，逻辑词，句子主要信息找关键词在原文中的对应点，通常前半部分句意与前文衔接，后半部分句意与后文衔接,.,96,Example1.,TPO4-1-13Paragraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.,.,97,Example1.通过there指代地点排除,Paragraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.,.,98,Example1.通过后面句意选出答案,Paragraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.Therefoodisavailableandaccessib