无线网络++wireless_sensor+networks+08.ppt

1,WirelessSensorNetworks,巨型机说：“我认为全球大概只需要五台计算机就够了”；PC机说：“每个家庭的桌面上都应该有一台电脑”;PocketPC说：“太大了，应该每人口袋里放一台”;WSN说：“每粒沙子都应该是一台计算机”。,2,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNOurWork,3,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOurWork,4,Sensornetwork:Anewresearchhotspot,August2003BusinessWeekprojectsSensorsandSensorNetworks.tobeoneof4KeyTechnologyWavesoftheFuture,国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要将传感器网络列为重点研究领域,5,Faster,Smaller,Numerous,MooresLaw“Stuff”(transistors,etc)doublingevery1-2years,BellsLawNewcomputingclassevery10years,year,log(peoplepercomputer),Source:TheMoteRevolution:LowPowerWirelessSensorNetworkDevices,StreamingDatato/fromthePhysicalWorld,6,WhatsareWirelessSensorNetworks,Wirelessnetworksareusuallycomposedofsmall,low-costdevicesthatcommunicatewirelesslyandhavethecapabilitiesofProcessing,SensingandStoringThepurposeistomeasuredifferentphysicalparametersinagivenenvironment,inordertocharacterizeitsproperties,ortotakedecisionsdependingonthesemeasurements.,7,EnablingTechnologies,Embedded,Networked,Sensing,Controlsystemw/SmallformfactorUntetherednodes,ExploitcollaborativeSensing,action,Tightlycoupledtophysicalworld,Embednumerousdistributeddevicestomonitorandinteractwithphysicalworld,Networkdevicestocoordinateandperformhigher-leveltasks,Exploitspatiallyandtemporallydense,insitu,sensingandactuation,8,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,9,WirelessSensorNetworkApplications,MilitaryApplicationsEnvironmentalApplicationsHealthApplicationsHomeApplicationsIndustrialApplicationsOtherCommercialApplications,ApplicationWSN,10,MilitaryApplications,enemytracking,battlefieldsurveillancetargetdetectionandclassification,11,AnExample:CounterSniperSystem,Usingthearrivaltimesoftheacousticeventsatdifferentsensorlocations,theshooterpositioncanbeaccuratelycalculatedusingthespeedofsoundandthelocationofthesensors.,12,民用领域,土壤湿度、温度、成份监测，节点对土壤进行周期性采样将数据发送给远端用户,森林防火：节点实时监测周围温度情况，并在探测到温度过高时发出警报。,医疗看护：将传感器配置在身体上，可以将身体情况传输给远端监控中心。GE公司,13,科技领域,了解火山习性,研究鸟类习性,海洋环境监测,sensorsandvehiclesaredeployedtoperformcollaborativemonitoringtasksoveragivenareaunderocean.Largenumberofsensornodescollectdatafromtheoceanandforwardtoamasternode.,14,IndustrialApplications,地面上的传感节点,立柱上的传感节点,无线传感网络原型系统拓扑图:矿井安全检测和防护系统,FromtalkofYunhaoLuo,15,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,16,ArchitectureofWSN,Sensornodesarescatteredinasensorfield(objectfield)SensornodescanselforganizetoformasensornetworkDataarecollectedbythesescatterednodesandroutedbacktothesinkinamulti-hopwayTheusercommunicatewiththesinkviaInternet,17,ArchitectureofWSN(contd),nodesarestillstationary.multiple,mobilesinksdefinedasusers.sinksmaycollectdataatanytime,anyplace.,18,无线传感网络,接入网络,核心网络,ArchitectureofWSN(contd),FromTalkofYunHaoLuo,19,AgeneralworkprocessofWSN,Deploy,Organizeintonetwork,Sensingandmonitoring,Datacollectionanddissemination,20,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,21,SensorHardware,FundamentalComponentsVariousSensing,Processing,Storing,Transceiver,PowerApplicationdependentcomponentsLocating,Mobilizer,Powergenerator,22,SensorNodeSamples,LWIMIIIUCLA,1996Geophone,RFMradio,PIC,starnetwork,AWAIRSIUCLA/RSC1998Geophone,DS/SSRadio,strongARM,Multi-hopnetworks,SensorMoteUCB,2000RFMradio,Atmel,Medusa,MK-2UCLANESL2002,23,MoteEvolution,Source:TheMoteRevolution:LowPowerWirelessSensorNetworkDevices,24,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,25,CharacteristicofWSN,ResourceConstraintsbatteryequipped,rechargingthebatteriesisimpossibleorunfeasibleRadioandembeddedCPUSelfconfiguringRandomlydeployed,unattended.DynamicTopologyDatacentricDifferentfromtraditionalnetworkUniquetrafficmodelApplicationspecific,26,PowerConsumption,PowerisofmostimportantanddirectlyinfluencingthelifetimeofWSNConsumptioninthreedomains:Sensing,communicationanddataprocessingEnergyconsumedbyComm.isdominatingTheenergycostoftransmitting1Kbadistanceof100misapproximatelythesameasthatforexecuting3millioninstructionsbya100millioninstructionspersecond(MIPS)/Wprocessor.,S,D,d,k,Tx/Rcelectronics,Txamplifier,27,MANETvsWSN:Differences,Lowdensityvs.highdensityAddresscentric(IP)vs.contentcentric(noIP)Resource(constraintvscritical)MobilevsstationaryFirstcriterionofperformance(QoSvs.Power),28,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,29,CommunicationProtocols,MACProtocolFairnessvs.EnergyRoutingProtocolEnergy-awareroutingGeo-routingTransportControlProtocolCongestionControlReliabilityEnd-to-endvs.Hop-by-hop,Event,Sensorsources,Sensorsink,Asensorfield,30,CoverageControl,ProblemGivenasetofsensorsdeployedinatargetarea,wewanttodetermineiftheareaissufficientlyk-covered,inthesensethateverypointinthetargetareaiscoveredbyatleastksensors,wherekisapredefinedconstant.TwoMotivationsOneofthemeasurementsoftheQoSEnergyefficientTwoconflictingobjectives:minimizingthenumberofactivesensorstominimizetheenergyconsumption.maintainingthecoverage.TwometricsConnectivityandCoverage,Sensingradius,Communicatingradius,31,DataandQueryDissemination,ProblemThesensornetworkisadistributeddatabase.Howtocollectorquerytheinteresteddatadetectedbysomenodesinaenergy-efficientway?Application-specificArea-basedAttribute-basedPullvs.Push,32,Outline,GeneralCommentsWirelessSensorNetworkApplicationsArchitectureofWSNOverviewofSensorHardwareCharacteristicofWSNHotIssuesOURWORK,33,自组织的无源无线ZigbeeWiFi输电线路在线监测,监测功能图像采集：线下图像、塔架塔基图像、导线及绝缘子图像弧垂和导线温度的采集两级数据传输监测数据和报警信息从采集终端上传到塔架上监测子站采用无线Zigbee技术数据和信息从塔架监测子站接力上传到监控中心（运行值班、变电站）采用无线WiFi技术监控中心的控制命令可以下传监控功能监控中心采集监测数据、存储并进行综合分析处理,34,监测平台运行示意图,35,两层网络架构,Zigbee,802.11b/g,36,GeographicRoutingforSensorNetworks,37,Motivation,AsensornetconsistsofhundredsorthousandsofnodesScalabilityistheissueExistingadhocnetprotocols,e.g.,DSR,AODV,ZRP,requirenodestocachee2erouteinformationDynamictopologychangesMobilityReducecachingoverheadHierarchicalroutingisusuallybasedonwelldefined,rarelychangingadministrativeboundariesGeographicroutingUselocationforroutingAssumptionsEverynodeknowsitslocationPositioningdeviceslikeGPSLocalizationAsourcecangetthelocationofthedestination,38,GeographicRouting:GreedyRouting,S,D,FindneighborswhoaretheclosertothedestinationForwardthepackettotheneighborclosesttothedestination,39,GreedyForwardingdoesNOTalwayswork,Ifthenetworkisdenseenoughthateachinteriornodehasaneighborinevery2/3angularsector,GFwillalwayssucceed,GFfails,40,DealingwithVoid,Applytheright-handruletotraversetheedgesofavoidPickthenextanticlockwiseedgeTraditionallyusedtogetoutofamaze,41,ImpactofSensingCoverageonGreedyGeo