形合意合与翻译.ppt

,从形合意合谈汉译英OnC-ETranslationfromthePerspectiveofHypotaxisandParataxis,Outline1HypotaxisandParataxis2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence3MajorDifferencesinStructure4SentenceCombination,1WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis?Ingeneral,hypotaxisisharmonyinform,andparataxisisharmonyinmeaning.1.1ThedefinitionofhypotaxisHypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbutunequalconstructs(hypo=beneath,taxis=arrangement),i.e.,constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence.Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence.,1.2ThedefinitionofparataxisParataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions.(fromGreekfor“actofplacingsidebyside”;Para=beside+tassein=arrange).Itisaliterarytechnique,contrastedwithhypotaxis.Itisalsousedtodescribeatechniqueinpoetryinwhichtwoimagesorfragmentsarecoordinatedwithoutaclearconnection.Readersarethenlefttomaketheirownconnectionsimpliedbytheparatacticsyntax.EzraPound,inhisadaptationofChineseandJapanesepoetry,madethecoordinationofimagesanimportantpartofEnglishlanguagepoetry.,1.3ThethreedevicestoformasentenceWordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentence:syntacticaldevices,lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,andsemanticdevicespertaintoparataxis.Thethreedevicesareusedinalllanguages,butsomeareusedmorefrequentlyinonelanguagethaninotherlanguages.Forexample,syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinese;andsemanticdevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglish.Prof.YangRongguihadaninvestigationofADreaminRedMansionsbycountinghypotaxissentencesinthecorrespondingpartsoftheChineseversionandtheEnglishversion.Accordingtothestatistics,thereareaboutonlyabout28%ofhypotaxissentencesintheChineseversion,andabout97%ofhypotaxissentencesintheEnglishversion.,1.4ProfessorWangLisargumentAfamouslinguistWangLi(王力)isthefirstChinesescholarwhopresentedtheconceptofhypotaxisandparataxis.HestatesinChinasGrammaticalTheory(中国语法理论，商务印书馆1945年)thattheyaretwobasicmeanstoformlanguage.Heholdsthathypotaxisisameansbywhich“loose”individualwordsareconnectedinto“concentrated”phraseandfurtherdiscourse(throughthechangeofwordformsandconnectionofwords);parataxisdependsonthemeaning,i.e.theinternallogicrelationshiptoformlanguage.Healsopointsoutthatthetwomeanscoexistinalanguagewithmoreemphasisononethantheother.ParataxisismoreoftenusedinChineseandhypotaxisisnotamust,whilehypotaxisismoreoftenusedinWesternlanguages,inwhichconnectingmeansareindispensibleinmostcases.,ProfessorWangLisays,“ThestructureofWesternlanguagesislikesomethingconnectedbyrings.Thoughtheyareconnected,thetracesoflinkingarevisible.Ontheotherhand,thestructureoftheChineselanguageislikeaseamlessheavenlyrobe,whichispiecedtogetherwithoutanytraces.”TheWesterngrammarishardandinelasticandtheChinesegrammarissoftandelastic.BecausetheWesterngrammarishard,therearemanystiffrequirementsinit,e.g.asubjectisindispensibleinafiniteclause.TheChineselanguageissoft,sothemainpurposeoftheChinesegrammaristoexpressmeaning,e.g.theobjectintheprecedingclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofthefollowingclause.(他买了一辆车，是国产的。)Foranotherexample,tworelevantthingscanbepiecedtogetherwithoutanyconnectivewords.(他买了一辆国产车，我买了一辆进口车。/冬天来了，春天还会远吗？),1.5OtherscholarsopinionsAfamousAmericantheoristoftranslationEugineA.NidapointedoutinTranslatingMeaningin1983,“ThemostimportantcontractbetweenChineseandEnglishishypotaxisandparataxis.”SomeChinesescholarscompareEnglishsentencestoatoweringtreewithmanybranches,abunchofgrapes,orastringofpearls;theyalsocompareChinesesentencestoabamboo,aplateofpearls,orwavesontheriver.Chinesesentencesareformedmainlybywayofovertcoherence(显性连贯)throughmeaning.Englishsentencesareformedmainlybywayofcovertcohesion(隐性呼应)thoughformativedevices.,1.6RegisteranddiachronicdifferencesOnthewhole,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.Ontheotherhand,therearemoreparataxissentencesinliterarywritingsanddailyspeech.Diachronically,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinmodernChinesethaninancientChinese.Infact,modernChinesehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternlanguages,especiallyinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.,1.7AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofhypotaxisandparataxisParataxisisusedmorefrequentlyinChinese.Therearemoresentenceswithnosubject,sentenceswiththesubjectomitted,moreactivevoicesentences,andfewerconjunctionsinChinesethaninEnglish.Therefore,theChineselanguageismoreconcisebutmorediminstructure.Beingmoreconciseispreferredinliteraryworksanddailyspeech,anditsavestimeandspace,whichisespeciallyimportantintheinformationage.Besides,itisalanguagemoresuitableforpoetry.However,beingdiminstructuresometimesmayleadtovaguenessormisunderstanding,whichshouldbeavoidedinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.,Ontheotherhand,hypotaxisisusedmorefrequentlyinEnglish,inwhichpassivevoiceisoftenused,subjectisoftenamust,andconjunctionsandprepositionsarewidelyused.Therefore,Englishismorestrict,clearandlogicalonthesurface,anditisalanguagemoresuitableforscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.However,itisnotasflexibleandelasticastheChineselanguage.Besides,ittakesupmorespacewhenprinted.,2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentenceCoordinationandsubordinationarewaysofcombiningwords,phrases,andclausesintomorecomplexforms.Thediscussionbelowexaminescoordinationandsubordinationofclauses.2.1CoordinationCoordinationofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESareequivalentorbalanced.Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether.Coordinationusescoordinatingconjunctions(centralcoordinatorsareand,but,andor)orpunctuation(mainlysemicolon,colonanddash)tocombineshortindependentclausesintoasinglesentence.,2.2SubordinationSubordinationisagrammaticalstrategythatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tousesubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclause)andthelessimportant(thesubordinate)ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclauseornon-finiteclause).Subordinationusessubordinatingconjunctions(conjunctivepronouns,conjunctiveadverbs,relativepronouns,relativeadverbs)(e.g.that,who,what,which,when,where,how,etc.)totransformindependentclauses(mainclauses)intodependentclauses(subordinateclauses).Oritusesinfinitive,-ingparticipleoredparticipletoformanon-finiteclause(includingabsoluteconstruction).,2.3ExamplesofcoordinationandsubordinationwithdifferentemphasisE.g.1.Thegirlcried,andshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Acompoundsentenceorcoordinationgivesequalimportancetobothideas.)E.g.2.Thegirlcriedasshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Thesubordinateclausedownplaysthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindowandshowshowtheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindowrelatestotheactionofcrying.)E.g.3.Thegirlcried,throwingthegiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasefurthersubordinatesthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindow.)E.g.4.Crying,thegirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasemakestheactionofcryinglessimportantandemphasizestheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindow.)E.g.5.Thecryinggirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Adjectivesgivetheleastemphasistothegirlscrying.),2.4MeaningsinCompoundSentenceswith“and”Timesequence:Heopenedthedoor,andthenweenteredtherestaurant.Result:Hedroppedtheplateofpastaonmymap,andIletoutacryofpainandhorror.Contrast:Mysisterorderstea,andIalwaystakecoffee.Concession:Therestaurantownerswanttoservegoodfood,andyettheyneverquitegeteverythingright.Condition:Theyhavetolearntomakebettercoffee,andthenIllbehappier./Gostraightandyoullseeachurch./DothatagainandIllcallapoliceman.Similarity:Italianfoodrequiredfreshvegetables,andsimilarlySouthernfoodatitsbestdependsonfreshingredients.Pureaddition:Theyservepasta,andtheyalsohaveanicerangeofpizzas.Explanation:Theyhaveonlyonechoicetostayinbusiness-andthatstoimprovebothfoodandserviceimmediately.,3MajorDifferencesinStructure3.1Flowing-watersentencesandrun-onsentences（粘连句，不断句）E.g.1.不觉冬去春来，久困思动，今日醒来，阳光照屋，精神为之一振，扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打开，趁天气晴朗，一把拎了过来，抖出冬天换下的衣裳，上面尚有点点雨渍雪痕，便将它摊在窗前晒起。-牡丹亭Beforeverylong,winterpassedandspringarrived.OnedaywhenLiuMengmeiwokeup，hewaspleasedtofindthattheroomfullofsunshine.Hehadlainonthebedforalongtimeandnowfounditbettertogetupandmovearound.Hejumpedupandtookupthebundlewhichhehadthrowninthecorneroftheroommanydaysago.Hiswinterclothesstillhadstainsofrainandsnowandhehungthemupbythewindowtodry.,E.g.2.凭窗站了一会,微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱。Standingatthewindowforawhile,Ifeltabitchilly.AsIturnedround,myeyessuddenlydazzledbeforethebrightlightandcouldnotseethingsdistinctly.E.g.3.在第一章首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，然后在第二章讨论了浪漫主义的特点。?Atfirst,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinchapterone,thenthecharacteristicsofromanticismarestudiedinchaptertwo.First,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinChapterOne,andthenitscharacteristicsarestudiedinChapterTwo,3.2Adverbsorconjunctions?E.g.1.他似乎并不想去，另外他的衣服也不够好。？Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere;besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere.Besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,andbesides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.,E.g.2.房价太高，而且地段也不太合适。？Thepriceistoohigh,moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh.Moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh,andmoreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.,E.g.3.房子对我们来讲不够大，而且离城里太远。？Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus;furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus.Furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,andfurthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.,E.g.4.她说是这样的，可是她错了。？Shesaiditwasso,however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso;however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso.However,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso,butshewasmistaken.（nevertheless与此同）,E.g.5.一方面你收了她的礼物，另一方面你对全家都不礼貌。？Ononehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents;ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents.Ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,butontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.,E.g.6.下雨了，比赛取消了。？Itrained，thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained;thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained.Thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained,sothegamewascalledoff.E.g.7.他不努力，挂科了。？Hedidntstudyhard,thusfailedthetest.Hedidntstudyhard,andthusfailedthetest.E.g.8.他们聊了一会儿，然后上班去了。？Theychattedforawhile,thentheywenttowork.Theychattedforawhileandthenwenttowork.,3.3WithconjunctionsandwithoutconjunctionsE.g.1.他不来信，我不回信。Becausehedoesntwritetome,Idont/wontwriteback.Hedoesntwritetome,andIdontwritebacktohim.E.g.2.要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。Wemustpromotescience,forthatiswhereourhopelies.E.g.3.善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow.Anevilisalltheworseifitiscoveredup.E.g.4.车未停稳，请勿上下。NevergetonoroffthebusbeforeitcomestoastandstillE.g.5.你来了，我走。Ifyoucome,Illleave.Whenyoucome,Illleave.Sinceyouhavecome,Imleaving.,3.4topic-prominenceandsubject/objectprominenceE.g.1.全国到处都在兴建新的工厂。?Thewholecountryisbuildingnewfactories.Newfactoriesarebeingbuiltalloverthecountry.E.g.2.刚才校门口发生了一起交通事故。？Theschoolgatehappenedatrafficaccidentjustnow.Atrafficaccidenthappenedattheschoolgatejustnow.E.g.3.三十年来中国发生了巨大的变化。？Chinahastakenplacedgreatchangesinthelast30years.GreatchangeshavetakenplacedinChinainthelast30years.,E.g.4.听到这个消息，她的手都在发抖。？Hearingthenews,herhandsweretrembling.Whensheheardthenews,herhandsweretrembling.E.g.5.往窗外一看，有几个学生在打篮球。？Lookingoutofthewindow,thereweresomestudentsplayedbasketball.Lookingoutofthewindow,Isawsomestudentsplayingbasketball.E.g.6.首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，最后讨论了浪漫主义的影响。?AtFirstdiscussestheoriginofromanticism,atlastdealswiththeinfluenceofromanticism.First,theoriginofromanticismisdiscussed,andfinally/intheenditsinfluenceisdealtwith.,E.g.7.不了解中国的第一手资料是一大遗憾。?DonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.ItisagreatpitythatyoudonotknowChinafirsthand.ThatyoudonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.NotknowingChinafirsthandisagreatpity.E.g.8.酒不喝了。Idontfeellikedrinkinganymore.E.g.9.只有勤奋才能取得好成绩。Agoodscoredependsondiligence.,E.g.10.今天食堂吃饺子。Jiaoziareservedinthecanteentoday.E.g.11.叉子吃不好。Icanteatwellwithafork.E.g.12.从历史上看，每个时代的人类互不相同，没有所谓共同的“人性”。Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature”.,E.g.13.他开车心不在焉，几乎肇事。Hisabsentmindduringthedrivingnearlycausedanaccident.E.g.14.午夜空气凉爽，她又振作了精神。Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.E.g.15.欲购从速。Wastenotimeifyouwanttobuyit.E.g.16.电影糟透了，劝你别看。？Filmisverybad,Iadviseyounotsee.Thefilmisverybad,andIadviseyounotseeit.ThefilmissobadthatIadviseyounotseeit.,3.5MarkednounsandunmarkednounsE.g.1.马是有用的动物。？Horseisusefulanimal.Ahorseisausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.Thehorseisausefulanimal.E.g.2.我每天早上都一样，洗脸，刷牙，吃早点，然后去上班。？Iamthesameeveryday,washface,brushteeth,havebreakfast,thengotowork.Everydayisthesametome:Iwashmyface,bushmyteeth,havemybreakfast,andthengotowork.E.g.3.他到图书馆借书去了。？Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowbook.Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowabook/somebooks.,4SentenceCombinationTherearethreemajorwaystocombinedifferentpartsintoonesentence.1.Usingcoordinatorssuchas“and,or,but”.2.Usingsubordinatorssuchas“when,which,who,what,whose,that,when,where,”.3.Usingnon-finiteforms.Thefollowingisadiagramtoshowhowasentencecanbeconstructed.,Example:我坐在椅子上看电视。IsatinthechairandwatchedTV.IsatinthechairwhenIwatchedTV.Isatinthechair,watchingTV,Exercises:1.WaldenPondisnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.ItwasoncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty.2.Jimstoodinfrontofthemirror.Helookedathisimage.Hewonderedatthebigchange.Ithadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.3.Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign.Therumourledtoagreatconfusioninthecountry.,4.Stamp-collectingisoneofthemostcommonformsofcollecting.Stamp-collectingisahobby.Manypeoplecarryonthehobbyforyearsandsomepeopleforlife.5.Theastronautslearntsomething.Whattheylearntwashowtodealwithanenvironment.Intheenvironmentthereisneitherweightnorgravity.6.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow.Thesnowfedtwostreams.Thesestreamsplungeddowntojoininthevalleybelow.,7.Tomcametothepartyinpatchedjeans.Thissurprisedtheotherguests.Mostoftheguestswerewearingeveningdress.8.TelevisioncanhelpustoseethepatternofAmericanlife.Televisioncanhelpustounderstandtheevents.Theeventscanuniteusordivideus.9.Philipreachedinhispocket.Philippulledout