LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案

Stuart: Introduction to the Passage 1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing-protagonist/antagonists -climax-denouement2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style-a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang-employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narrationLove is a Fallacy 仁朔膳楼籾/EXERCISESI. Write a short note on: Ruskin.SRB1. Oxford Companion to English Literature2. any book on the history of English literature3. any standard encyclopediaII. Questions on content:1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox?4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay. Questions on appreciation:1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous?2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?5. Why does the narrator argue that the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with life? (para. 145)6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence?7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly?8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements:1. Watching television is a waste of time.2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder hes a juvenile delinquent?4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity.6. Its true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat.7. Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds.V. Translate paras 145-154 into Chinese. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)3. pausing in my flight (para 8)4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)5. They shed. (para 16)6. Dont you want to be in the swim? (para 17)7. I would be out in practice (para 24)8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25)9. She already had the makings. (para 25)10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26)11. are you going steady (para 30)12. I deposited her at the girls dormitory (para 97)13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105)14. hammering away without let-up (para 123). Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words:1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)2. Can you mean, I said incredulously, that people . again? (incredibly)3. he said passionately. (eagerly)4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined)7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment)8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent)9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment)10. I will languish. (suffer a lot). Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smartIX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each:1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy2. appendicitis 5. tactics3. chemist, faddist 6. ventureSRB1. Walkers Rhyming Dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingX . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by many figures of speech. Mention examples of the following: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively. The style is also characterized in part by inverted sentence order. Point out the places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence. Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part:1. I dont want sympathy!2. He would not yield, though death threatened him.3. You mustnt miss that trip to Niagara.4. The boy came down on his head.5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him.6. The last story is completely different.7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in.8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main idea.A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees and the amount of training they have had.At the highest level are the registered nurses with college degrees. This may be a doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person desires a supervisory job or wants to teach in a school of nursing. Naturally, these jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility.Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other than R. N. These schools are rapidly disappearing from many areas as the cost of maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience.Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N.XV. Topics for oral work:1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples.2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas:1. Farm Work in My Village2. Physical Training in Our School3. Some Successful Study MethodsLove is a Fallacy 膳楼籾基宛/answerRuskinJohn Ruskin(1819！1900)English critic and social theoristwas the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a universal language. The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskins art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871- 1884). Many of his suggested programs-old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor-have become accepted doctrine. . 1. The writer humorously uses words like limp, flaccid and spongy to describe his essay . Nationally he doesnt believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.4. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.5. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.6. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the logical fallacies she had been taught to reject his offer.7. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (accident) makes the rule inapplicable. This is the Dicto Simpliciter fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of Hasty Generalization in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment Ad Hominem (speaking against the man rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *Poisoning the Well mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument Ad Miserieordiam (an appeal to pity), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his clients innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or begging the question occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :Gregory always votes wisely. But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. ). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection-as when a misfortune is attributed to a malign event, like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: Do you like the twins?Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. )or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-Have you stopped beating your wife?). (7)The fallacy of non Sequitur (it does not follow), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When fallacy is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. 8. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him dumb, nothing upstairs , unstable , impressionable and a faddist .And as for Polly Espy, she is a beautiful dumb girl, who would smarten up under his guidance.9. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,10. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like Gee, Oo, wow-dow and clipped vulgar forms like delish, marvy, sesaysh, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.11. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.12. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence-He was a torn man. The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.13. Because he begged Pollys love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.14. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid.15. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.16. The fallacy of post hoe, ergo propter hoc.17. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.18. The fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoe.19. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.20. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.21. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning22. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy23. flight :fleeing or running away from24. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920s25. shed: cast off or lose hair6in the swimconforming to the current fashions。or active in the main current of affairs7?practicethe exercise of a profession of occupation8?pin！up(American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls9?makingsthe material or qualities needed for the making or development of something -10?carriagemanner of carrying the head and bodyphysical posture bearingway of carrying oneselfmanner11go steady(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusivelybe sweethearts1. 2deposit(facetious)putlay or set downl 3briefa concise statement of the main points of a law case。usually filed by counsel for the information of the court141et！upstoppingrelaxing1fashion才fad譲葎兆簡。fashion麼勣峺蝶繁喩凪峺猟僥、簒宝順賜芙氏貧送繁麗壓蝶匯蒙協魁栽賜扮寂坪刊丗、讐三吉圭中議徊蓑賜