博士生入学考试英语辅导（写作部分）.ppt

博士生入学考试英语辅导（写作部分）,黄年根解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院,LectureonWritingForNon-EnglishMajorDoctorCandidates,ByProf.HuangEngineeringInstituteofEngineerCorps,PLAUniversityofScienceandEngineering,Requirement：writeapassageof120-140wordsin30minutesGradingCriterion:1.coherence(内容切题）：relatedideas,topicsentencesinparagraphs;2.construction:fulldevelopment,unity,logic,cohesion,beingclearandtothepoint;3.transitionandvariationofsentences;4.grammaranddiction,Sample,Topic:Doyouthinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthecountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalone?Giveyourreasonstosupportyouropinions,Ithinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthecountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalone.Itbasesonthefollowingreasons.Themostimportantofall,Theseactivitiesisgoodtoourhealth.Bymorephysicalactiviteisinthearmy,factoriesorthecountryside.Ourbodycanbeexerciesedstrongerandmoreheathy.SoItcandealwithourpoorhealthafterlongtermstudying.Secondly,Itcanmakeusconnecttheknowledgewiththeproactieces.Ourknowledgesareoftenlimitedtothetextbooksandweoftenfinditisimpractcableafterwegraduatefromcolleges.So,Itisusefultomakeoutknowledgemorereasonable.Thirdly,Ithelpusdevelopthepatrocismidea.Andrecognizeournationsrealsitualtion.Basedontheabovereasons,Ithinkweshouldparticipateinmoresuchactivities.,Appraisement,Ithinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthecountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalone.Itbasesonthefollowingreasons.Themostimportantofall,Theseactivitiesisgoodtoourhealth.Bymorephysicalactiviteisinthearmy,factoriesorthecountryside.Ourbodycanbeexerciesedstrongerandmoreheathy.SoItcandealwithourpoorhealthafterlongtermstudying.Secondly,Itcanmakeusconnecttheknowledgewiththeproactieces.Ourknowledgesareoftenlimitedtothetextbooksandweoftenfinditisimpractcableafterwegraduatefromcolleges.So,Itisusefultomakeoutknowledgemorereasonable.Thirdly,Ithelpusdevelopthepatrocismidea.Andrecognizeournationsrealsitualtion.Basedontheabovereasons,Ithinkweshouldparticipateinmoresuchactivities.,Para.1justacopyofthetopicdirectionMistakein“Itbaseson”Itshouldbecorrectedas“Itisbasedon.”,1.Capitalization:2.Spellingmistakes3.Grammarmistakes4.Illogic5.Poordiction,Sample2:Notjustonyourtextbooks,Asagraduatestudent,youcannotjustpayattentiontoyourtextbooks.Youshouldparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorcountryside.Firstofall,weareinasocietythatisfullofallkindsofknowledge.Itisnecessaryforustolearntheminthesociety.Then,ifyouwanttobecompetitiveinapplyingajobaftergraduation,youhadbetterparticipateinmorephysicalactivities.Foracompany,yoursocialexperiencemaybemoreimportantthanyourknowledgefromyourtextbooks,Notjustonyourtextbooks,Finally,takingsuchactivitiescanhelpyougraspyourtextbookbetter.Whenyousolvethepracticalproblemwithyourknowledge,youimproveitalso.Iwouldliketogivethesuggestion:Dontmissinganyopportunitytoparticipateinphysicalactivities.,评析：观点明确，文字连贯。应得8分。Para.2andPara.3canbecombinedtohaveaclose-knittedpassage.Toosimpleconclusion.,StylesOfWriting,Description:describingtheappearance,innerstructure,etcofcertainobjectsorthestepsorstagesofaprocess,amethod,etc.,Sample:ThemostfamousoftheEgyptianpyramidsarethepyramidsofGiza.Thesepyramidswerebuiltmorethan5,000yearsago.ThebiggestofthemistheGreatPyramid”,thePyramidofKhufu.Itwas146metreshigh,andeachofthefoursidesmeasured230metresandfacesexactlynorth,south,eastorwest.Itwasmadeofabout2,300,000blocksofstone,allexactlythesameshape.Theweightofeachblockisabout2.5tons.Theinsideblockswerecutoutofrocknearthepyramid.,StylesOfWriting,Narration:recordingaseriesofeventsthatoccuroneafteranother.Eventsareoftenstatedornarratedintheirnaturaltimeorder.,Sample:TheoriginsofNanjingEngineeringInstitutecanbetracedtoadepartmentofHarbinMilitaryEngineeringInstituteinthe1950s.In1964itwasmovedtoxian.Thereitwentthroughvariousdifficultiesandobstacles.15yearslateritmergedwithNanjingEngineeringSchool.Itstartedtoadmitstudentsfromthenationalexaminationin1978.AttheThresholdofthe21stcenturyitwillseeanothermajorchangeandchallenge.,StylesOfWriting,Exposition:explainingorexpoundingaphysicslaw,anaturalorsocialphenomenon,orapplicationsofanewdiscovery,etc.Withtheaimofgivingknowledgeorinformation.,Sample:Whatisstress?Insimplemedicalterms,stresscanbedefinedastheresponseofthebodytoanydemand.Stressisthestateyouarein,nottheagentthatproducesitwhichiscalledastressor.Coldandheat,forexample,arestressors.Butinman,.,Definitionofstressandstressor,StylesOfWriting,Argumentation:raisingorarguingforviewstotrytoconvincethereaderoftruthandreasonsyouprovide.,Sample:Somehavebeguntosuggestthattherearetoomanywomenintheworkforcetoday.Tosolvetheproblem,somehavesuggestedthatsomeworkingwomen,notall,stayathome,whiletheirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthesecircumstances,familieswouldretaintheirsamelevelofincome,andwomencouldrunthehouseandraisechildrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestionhasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10peoplepolled.Thisprovesthatmostpeoplerejecttheideaofwomenreturninghome.Womensliberationdependsinthefinalanalysis,oneconomicstatus,saidonewomanhumanrightsadvocator.,1.WriteontheTitlegiveneitherinEnglishorinChinese.Usuallyoutlinesareprovided.Andopeningsentencesmaybedisplayedforyoutocontinue.E.g.（题目）：GoodHealth（提纲）：（1）Importanceofgoodhealth；（2）Waystokeepfit；（3）Myownpractices.Openingsentence（起始句）:Thedesireforgoodhealthis.,PopularWritingintheExam,2.Writeonthebasisofthesituations,conditions,eventsoraspecificsceneseteitherinEnglishorinChinese.E.g.（1）AWriteanessaydiscussingthetwooppositeopinionsgivenbelow，givebothsomereasons，andmakeyourcommentsorsuggestionsTherearetwomainopinionsconcerningwomensstatusinthesociety.Someadvicethatwomenshouldstayathome，whileotherssaymorewomenoughttogooutworkingBTimelimit40minutesCWordlimit:nolessthan150wordsD.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII,PopularWritingintheExam,2.Writeonthebasisofthesituations,conditions,eventsoraspecificsceneseteitherinEnglishorinChinese.E.g.（2）ATitle：HowToPreventPollutionYouressayshouldbebasedontheinformationgivenbelow在我国，环境污染问题非常严重。空气污染是我国城市存在的问题，大部分城市的空气为23级，有些城市达到5级。这给人们带来了疾病，植物的生长也受到一定的影响。另外，水环境的污染在全国也是很严重的。有的河流清水变成了黑水，这影响了人们的吃水，也破坏了鱼类的生存环境。解决这些问题已刻不容缓。我的意见是,PopularWritingintheExam,3.Writewiththehelpoftables,figures,diagrams,pictures,statisticsoracombinationofthem.,PopularWritingintheExam,Sample:FOODYEAR19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit/vegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%,Sample:Accordingtotheabovetable,wecanseethatsomechangeshavetakenplaceinpeoplesdietsince1986,whichclearlyindicatestheimprovementofpeopleslivingstandard.Oneofthebigchangesisthedecreaseofgrainconsumptionwith49percentin1986and45percentin1990.Onpeoplesdinnertablesthetraditionaldominantfoodgrainhasgivensomewaytomilkandmeatwhichwereseldomseenondinnertablesbefore.Sincetheeconomicreformin1978,variouskindsoffoodhavebecomepopularinChinesefamilies.,Writingonthehelpofgraphs,figuresortables,Sample:However,thereisasteadyreductionoffruitandvegetableswith24percentin1986andathreepointdropby1990.Butthisisnotthemaintrend.AsthelivingstandardoftheChinesepeopleisrising,welookforwardtofurtherchangesinpeoplesdiet.Theproportionoffruitandvegetablesaswellasmilkandmeatwilldefinitelyincreaseinthecomingyears.,Writingonthehelpofgraphs,figuresortables,TypesofParagraphDevelopment,Narration:seriesofeventsthatbeginataparticulartimeandareorganizedchronologically.Process:explainhowsomethingisdoneormade.Oftenatemporalelementmakesastep-by-stepchronologicalarrangementpossibleandnatural,TypesofParagraphDevelopment,Classification:consistenceanalysis:subjectsofanalysisisdividedintopartsandpartsarerelatedascausesoreffectsofthethinganalyzed.Definition:explainsborsth(formalorinformal)comparisonandcontrastexampledescription,MethodofWriting,Determiningthetopicandthetheme审题avoiddigression,butkeeptothequestionMakingadraft(materialcollectingandoutlinelisting)收集材料、列出提纲calmdownatastrangeorunfamiliartopic,andbroadenyourviewanddeepenyourthinkingnarrowdowntothetopicwhenyouhavetoomuchinformationExpandingtheoutlinesintoapassage组织文章Polishingandimprovement修改,MethodofWriting,Allocationoftime:8-prepareanoutline5-writeintroduction7-writethebody5-writetheconclusion5-reviewandrevise,MethodofWriting,KeywordsinthetopicsentencesK.W.UnusualexperienceSent.Wehadanunusualexperienceyesterday.K.W.ImportantdecisionSent.ThecentralcommitteemadeanimportantdecisionthatwillinfluenceChinesediplomaticpolicy.Ex:threekindsofteachers,severalsimplesteps,Aseriousaccident,howtobecomeself-reliant,themostpopular,imaginative,differentreasons,MethodofWriting,Sampletopicsentences:Ajobapplicanthastheresponsibilityforascertainingcertaintypesofinformationpriortotheinterview.LondonsweatherisverystrangeBabysittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Futuregenerationscanexpectalifespan(寿命)of150years,MethodofWriting,Noteintopicsentences:Thetopicsentencemustbeacompleteone.Besidesitshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.E.g.WilliamShakespeareisgreat.(toogeneral)Thedictionaryissmall.(toospecific)Thereshouldbecoherencebetweeneachtopicsentenceineachparagraphofthepassage.E.g.Smokingisharmful.Smokingdoesnotonlyharmthesmokersbutalsopeoplearoundthem.Therefore,smokingisabadhabit.,MethodofWriting,ExpandingatopicsentenceintoaparagraphSample1:Youmaygothroughseveralsimplestepswhenyoucometopatchabicycletire.Firstyouhavetofindthespotwheretheleakis.Thenscrapetheleakyplacesothegluewillstickwhenyoupatchthehole.Next,Putglueonthetirepatch.Whiletheglueisdrying,checktoNowputthepatchonthetire.Letthepatchdraybeforeyou.Sample2:Therewasaseriousaccidentinthelanguagelablastweek.Acarelessteacher.,MethodofWriting,ExpandingatopicsentenceintoaparagraphSample1:Youmaygothroughseveralsimplestepswhenyoucometopatchabicycletire.Firstyouhavetofindthespotwheretheleakis.Thenscrapetheleakyplacesothegluewillstickwhenyoupatchthehole.Next,Putglueonthetirepatch.Whiletheglueisdrying,checktoNowputthepatchonthetire.Letthepatchdraybeforeyou.Sample2:Therewasaseriousaccidentinthelanguagelablastweek.Acarelessteacher.,MethodofWriting,AskingWh-Questionstoexpandthepassagee.g.1.Importanceofgoodhealth(Why?)2.Waysofkeepfit(how?)3.Myownpractices(What?)Model:1).Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Mydesireistobe,suchas2).Buthowtoputthedesireintopractice?Therearemanywaystokeepfit,forexample,3).Irun,thoughslowly,forhalfanhourinthemorningeveryday,play.makesmestrong-mybestwish,MethodofWriting,Writingaconcludingsentenceoftheparagraph1.AnsweringtheimpliedquestionsifthereisanyButyourefficiencyinmakingsummarieswillincreaseinproportiontothetimeandeffortyouspendonperfectingyournotetakingtechnique.2.Usingsynonymstomakeitinconcertwiththekeywordsinthetopicsentence3.Summarizingtheparagraphintheformofabstracte.g.environment,goodsandservice:connectingthembytheconjunctivephrase,notonlybutalso(ref.P.232),MethodofWriting,Writingaconcludingsentenceoftheparagraph4.ConcludingtheparagraphbyaskingarhetoricquestionHowever,whathappensifpeopleskipbreakfastorsubstituteasimpleoneforahighqualifiedmeal?5.Usingthetransitionwordse.g.Inbrief,tourism,accordingtomyopinion,shouldnotbeencouraged.,TransitionWords,AdditionandSequencebesides,also,moreover,furthermore,likewise,inaddition,first,second,then,next,later,finally,while,when,ComparisonandContrastlike,inthesameway,similarly,too,both,also,equallyimportant,likewise,so,unlike,while,whereas,instead,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,TransitionWords,CauseandEffectbecause,as,since,for,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,forthisreason,asaresult,whyso,TransitionWords,Summaryfinally,hence,thustosumup,toconclude,inshort,inbrief,insummary,inconclusion,onthewhole,atlast,TransitionWords,Concessionbut,however,yet,still,nevertheless,although,despite,afterall,inspiteof,instead,TransitionWords,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-关于利弊,优缺点的句型:1.S+have(orhas)alotofadvantagesover.(与.相比有许多优点)ComparedwithB,Ahas(orhave)manyadvantages.译:1)澳大利亚与中国相比,其优点是人口少.2)英语是她的长处.2.beofgreatbenefittosb./sth.(对.有益)译:你的计算机知识对你将来的工作十分有利.3.benefitsb./sth.(对.有好处)译:这家新医院对整个社区有利.Benefitfromsth.(由于.而受益)译:我们将从技术发明中受益.4.do(alotof)goodtosb.(对.有许多好处)译:早晨锻炼对你很有好处.begoodforsb./sth.(对.有益)译:蔬菜和水果有利于人的健康.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-关于利弊,优缺点的句型:4.dodamagetosth.(对.造成损坏)译:这次地震对城市建筑损坏严重.doharmtosht.(对.有害处)译:吸烟有害人的健康.5.beas(notso)goodas.Whathedoesisnotsogoodaswhathesays.6.notsomuch.as.(与其说.,不如说.)Heisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-说明原因的句型:1.Therearesome/two/manygoodreasonsfor./todo.Example:Therearetworeasonsforthechangesinpeopleslivingconditions.First,wehavebeencarryingoutanopeningandreformpolicy.Second,ournationaleconomyisdevelopingrapidlyandthebirthratehasbeenputundercontrol.2.Wehavetwogoodreasonsfor.Example:Wehavemanygoodreasonstoobjecttosmokinginpublicplaces.1.Thereasonfor.isthat+从句Example:ThereasonformybeinglatewasthatImissedthebus.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-表示不同看法的句型:1.Differentpeoplehave/holddifferentopinions/viewsonthequestion/problem/matterSomebelievethat.Othersarguethat.Stillothersmaintainthat.2.Theyarequitedifferentfromeachotherintheiropinions.3.Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatitisgoodtohaveasmallfamily.4.Theythinkquitedifferentlyonthisquestion.Example:Parentsandchildrenthinkdifferentlyonthisquestion.Parentsholdthatchildrenshouldworkhardanddowellatschool.Children,however,maintainthattheyshouldhavemorefreedomtospendtheirleisuretimeandtoplanfortheirownfuture.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1.Itisimportant(necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,convenient,comfortable,expensive,desirable,advisable)forsb.todosth.Example:1)Itisexpensivetorunacar.2)Itisconvenienttogetroundinthecityifyouownacar.3)Itisurgentforthegovernmenttotakemeasurestocontrolthebirthrateinourcountry4)Itisdesirabletobuildmorehospitals,shoppingcentres,recreationcentres,cinemas,andpublicfacilitiestomeettheincreasingneedsofthepeople.2.havetrouble/difficulty/ahardtime/adifficulttime(in)doingsth.(有困难做某事)Theyhavetroublefindingasatisfactoryjob.havetroublewithsth.(对.有困难,不好对付),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-常用谚语(在议论文中)1.Asapopularsayinggoes,Everycoinhastwosides.2.Asaproverbsays,Everythinghastwosides.Ontheonehand,physicalexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.Ontheotherhand,ifyoudontdealwithitproperly,itwilldoharmtoyouhealth.Soweshouldlookatthematterfromtwosides.3.Asaproverbsays,Wherethereisawillthereisaway.(有志者事竟成.)4.Asapopularsayinggoes,Amanisknownbythecompanyhekeeps.(观其交友,知其为人.)5.Asisknowntoall,Nopains,nogains.(没有苦,就没有甜.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-关于因果关系的句型1.Thecauseof/reasonforhigherpriceswasanincreaseindemand.2.Because/As/Nowthat/Sincethedemandhasincreased,thepricesarehigher.3.Anincreaseindemandcauses/resultsin/leadsto/produceshigherprices.4.Thedemandhasincreased.Therefore,(/Asaresult,/Forthisreason,/Becauseofthis,/Consequently,)thepricesarehigher.5.Ifthereisanincreaseindemand,thenpricesrise.(/goup./boost./arehigher.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-辩论中常用的句型1.Thereisnodoubtthat.2.Itisobvious/clearthat.3.Asisknowntoall,.4.(Its)nowonder.(难怪)Hedidntworkhardandnowonderhelosthisjob.5.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat.(不用说,不成问题,很自然.)6.Whatismoreimportant,.7.Iamconvincedthat.(我深信.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-举例表示法:1.Forexample,thepeopleseconomicstatushasbeengreatlyimproved.2.Forinstance,theeconomicstatusofthepeoplehasbeenimproved.3.Letshaveanexample.TVsets,refrigeratorsandrecordershavebecomehouseholdnecessities.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-概述(用于图表作文)1.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,-2.Thischartshowsthat-3.Asisshownbythegraph,-4.Itcanbeseenfromthestatisticsthat-5.Itisgenerallybelievedthat/accepted/thought/held-6.Thereisaslight/slow/steady/rapidrise(/increase/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop)indemand./income./population./prices./production.7.Beontheincrease/decrease/rise/decline(.在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)Example:Thenumberofstudentsinthecollegehasbeenontheriseinrecentlyyears.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-结尾句型:1.Inmyopinion,Iaminfavorofowningacar.2.Personally,Iprefertoworkinthecountryratherthaninthecity.3.Inshort,parentsandchildrenshouldlearntogetthroughtoeachother.Onlyinthiswaycanthemostdifficultproblemsbesolvedproperly.4.Inconclusion,wecannotachievesuccesswithouteffortandhardwork.5.AsfarasIamconcerned,IagreewiththeopinionthatNopainsnogains.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-结尾句型:1.Inmyopinion,Iaminfavorofowningacar.2.Personally,Iprefertoworkinthecountryratherthaninthecity.3.Inshort,parentsandchildrenshouldlearntogetthroughtoeachother.Onlyinthiswaycanthemostdifficultproblemsbesolvedproperly.4.Inconclusion,wecannotachievesuccesswithouteffortandhardwork.5.AsfarasIamconcerned,IagreewiththeopinionthatNopainsnogains.,“ChoosingACareer”,Directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“ChoosingACareer”.Youmustwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiven(inChinese)below.YoushouldwritethecompositionontheCompositionSheet.1.择业是每个青年人面临的问题。2.择业的标准是什么。3.我们应持的态度,ChoosingACareerAllpeopleintheworldhavetoworkinonewayoranother,fortheyspendmostoftheirlifeatjobs.Andonlythroughworkcanpeopleearntheirliving,changetheworldandconquertheforcesofnature.Thereforeyoungpeople,afterleavingschool,havetochooseacareer.Agoodcareerhelpstodevelopthemselvesandbringshappinesstofamily.Inshort,arightcareermeanseverythingtothem.,Sincechildhoodpeopleusuallyhavemanyexpectationsintheircareers.Somepeoplewanttobeteachers,doctorsorlawyers;othersmayliketobecomesportsmen,filmstarsorartists.Whatevercareersyouchoose,youdbetterpayattentiontosuchbasicquestionsasAreyouqualifiedforthecareer?Isitinterestingandenjoyable?Isitlawfulandbeneficialtothepeopleandthesociety?Isitrewardingwithsatisf