城市可持续发展 中英文对照论文

Principles of sustainable urban developmentBackground and StrategiesMr. Johannes DellAS&P Albert Speer & Partner GmbH, FrankfurtMitglied der Geschftsleitung + Partner/Member of Management Board +PartnerAS&P Architects Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., ShanghaiExecutive Director1 Introduction Since more than 45 years, AS&P- Albert Speer & Partner GmbH has worked inthe field of urban and architectural design, transportation planning as well asproject- and process-management in many regions of the world. Strategic citydevelopment in a large scale with a focus on resources-efficiency has been amajor issue in these projects almost from the first projects on. The experiences gained over the years has helped us to identify a number ofthesiss and strategies for sustainable urban development, which can help to plan,organize and implement city-growth more appropriately; in different stages andscales, from regional development up to the design of single buildings. In this context, the more technical aspects of reducing recourses consumption play of course an important role. Yet apart from that, aspects of social harmonization, the mix of functions to provide lively, manifold and diversecityscapes and environments must be recognized. And last not least the designof a city fabric, which can be distinguished and perceived by the citizens as“their” own city, quarter or neighbourhood. I am talking about citizenship in general, corporate governance, identification of the citizens with their community, and in the end about city-marketing or branding. City planning and urban design are integral parts of a process, which starts on a very abstractly on a state- or regional planning level and ends with the construction of our build up urban environment, buildings, open spaces, roadsand infrastructure.This process requires quite a sophisticated management to be successful, thatmeans the synchronization and harmonization of many often parallel evolving,sometime even contradictory sub- and side processes; in other words: theintegration of all parts of the puzzle into the bigger picture. As the city is understood as a living organism, or a complex, dynamic system,this process-management requires not only a participatory and transparentcommunication-culture which integrates the relevant stakeholders. It as wellrequires a lot of flexibility, as well as constant amendment and refinement. In thissense, the fixed visions and images of a “Master Plan” which tries to preciselyregulate everything up to detail is no longer appropriate. It has to be replaced bya more flexible planning tool which allows organizing, steering and moderatingthe planning process at least as comprehensively as the implementation of theresults. This will be pointed out more detailed in the following. From my point of view and my experience, the biggest and most seriousshortcoming in most city-planning projects which I came across in china, is a stillunderdeveloped understanding of such processes and their management.In a broader sense the city as an organism means that the technical, social,cultural and political systems, their different elements and the networks theyconstitute should be regarded as a kind of organic entity, which “reacts” and“behaves” quite similar to “natural” organic entities we call eco-system. As such, it more or less directly tends to follow the principles inherent toecological, organic, “living” systems. Among these rules, there are two whichseem to be of utmost importance, as they strongly determine a systems ability todevelop, flexibly adopt and thus in the end survive: the systems tendency toefficiency, namely to obtain resource-efficiency, as well as its tendency to (self)-organize as a de-centralized network-structure of basically similar and selfsustained, “human scale” entities or modules, (quarters, sub centres, core areas,satellites or whatever they might be called) which constitute a Larger Cities,“Mega-Cities” or “Agglomeration Areas” urban fabric. The idea underplaying these principles with regard to urban design isrepresented by a comparatively new systemic approach towards city planning:the shift from an understanding of urban development as merely technicallydetermined (strongly related to infrastructure), to an interpretation that regardsurban agglomerations as non-linear, dynamic, sometimes even chaotic systems(which have indeed many characteristics in common with complex livingorganisms and organisations). Like all living organisms by the way, cities experience different phases in their life-time, and they can as well fall ill!The Belgian architect Lucien Kroll as well has, already many years ago, rightfully posed the question whether Urban Development is an evolutionary process. According to our understanding, the answer is yes. To a huge extend, the above mentioned principles are decisive for what we use to call “sustainable urban development”.(side-note: Sustainable Urban Development is understood as a process ofbalancing constantly changing determining factors of city development, with theaim to provide to the citizens:- satisfying work- integrate, stable social conditions- adequate mobility- political system with balanced representation of interests and values- adequate public services- built environment serving the needs of modern economic and lifestylewithout overstretching the natural environments capacity to regenerate.) I would like to underline the importance of such kind of development。 Given the still accelerating process of urbanisation, especially in china, the large cities or mega cities in fact provide the battle grounds whether appropriate living conditions for the generations to come can be provided or not!2 Framework-conditions of todays City-Development in China The general framework conditions are set by the so called global “Mega trends”:- Globalisation, understood as increasing interaction and interdependencebetween “global player regions”, producing a new division of urban labour, ofproduction and services capacities, at the same time increasing competitionbetween these regions to attract the most capable global economic players andgroups of inhabitants (mobility of the “Brains”, “knowledge nomads”).- Urbanisation, regarded as the hugest shift from rural to urban population inworlds history, creating complex, manmade settlement patterns andinfrastructural systems with high density and a need for sophisticatedprocessing and spatial organisation. (The driving forces behind urbanisation are:industrialisation (in developing countries) respectively de-industrialisation(growth of service sector), mobility, telecommunications revolution,information revolution)- Systemic approach: as already mentioned, (Shift from an understanding ofurban development as technically determined, to an interpretation that regardsurban agglomerations as non-linear, dynamic, sometimes even chaotic systemswhich have many characteristics in common with complex living organisms andorganisations.)- Demographic change: the shift in the composition of age-groups, the “agingpopulation”, first in the highly industrialized societies in the developed countries,subsequently and already starting (China!) in the rapidly urbanising regions of thedeveloping world, will lead to radically new approaches in literally all fields ofpolitical, social, economic and cultural live. (It will inflict governmental as well asprivate social and insurance systems, healthcare and education, child care andelderly-housing, labour time and conditions, leisure time and tourism activities,mobility, transportation and other infrastructural systems, taxationregulations) A number of key figures and statistics clearly confirm the impact of thesemegatrends on our future life:- Urban Population will double from 2000 to 2025 from 2,4 billion to 5 billion.- By 2050, app. 75 to 80% of the earths population will live in cities (today: 47%)- In China alone, an estimated 300.000.000 to 350.000.000 (newer studies evenpredict 450.000.000 migrants within the coming 25 years) people will have to beaccommodated as “New Citizens” in existing ore newly to build cities over thenext 15 years (if the many estimates by different organisations and institutes willproof right; they vary roughly between 250 million and 400 million). Given theaverage household size in Chinese cities (app. 26 sqm/capita in cities; forcomparison: Germany: 38sqm/capita; USA: 60 sqm/capita), a total of app.120.000.000 new households have to be built, including all necessaryinfrastructures, from power plants, airports, railway stations, roads, water andsewage systems, hospitals and schools to the neighbourhood shop andteahouse. To give a comparison: the construction effort needed to achieve thisaim equals the complete building and infrastructure construction of Germany. Notone, but three times! It is no exaggeration to draw from the above mentioned first: that there is hardly any alternative to sustainable city development and second: that time hasalready started to run out!It is obvious that this understanding of city planning requires an adequate response from architects, urban designers, administrative municipal bodies,investors and political decision makers.This response is all the more difficult because processes in urban developmentplanning normally progress quit slowly, at least when it comes to durable built up structures. Their implementation normally requires a considerable effort, in planning, organisation and management, recourses input as well as investment(and it normally affects the lives of numerous citizens). In contrast, the timepressure imposed by dynamic changes like migration, technical innovation, auto mobilisation, social and economic progress is already high and even accelerating.It is not easy to keep pace with these changes. This is why we believe that a strong strategic planning force at a regionalplanning level is necessary to support the efforts of local planning bodies in theirwork, or put into other words: set up and after that control and reinforceguidelines for the “self organising individual entities” of a city. To summarize the key statements:- Cities can be regarded as “living organisms”, animated by their citizens- They tend to diversify and self organize in a network of partly selfcontained entities- Sustainability, or recourses efficiency, is a natural prerequisite of anyhealthy organic system, hence as well of a “healthy” city-network- planning authorities on a regional, strategic level should be set up and bein charge to observe, guideline, supervise and control urban development- Process-orientation is as important as result-orientation; the planningprocess and its appropriate management are decisive for the quality of theimplemented and operation of planning results.C Sample projects by AS&P What does this mean for the work of a planner and urban designer, in verypractical terms of setting up and implementing urban planning? And what can wedraw from our practical experience in realized projects? During the recent years, our office has been involved in various planningprojects for larger cities, not the least in Shanghai.The city development in Shanghai as well as other, rapidly growing “second tier”cities like Changchun, with its tremendous activities in the construction sector,offers the opportunity to function as a showcase for city development strategies,future-oriented urban Development and sustainable building technologies in Chinese Mega cities by implementing and testing sample projects.Our urban planning for the “Changchun Automotive Industries Development Area,CAIDA” and a series of following projects in the city of Changchun, worked out over a time span of around 5 years, at least partly exemplifies our approach. Together, these projects well represent what we call “strategic city development planning”, as they cover a total planning area of app. 2.000 sqkm and range from regional planning in the scale of 1:10.000 up to the construction design for a number of buildings. Apart from that, during the last 10 years, our office has gained ample experience with a series of low-, or even zero energy buildings according to the very rigid German energy saving standards. We strongly believe that the basic ideas of these projects still represent an appropriate approach to sustainable urban development. Parallel to our engagement in China we have been involved in strategic city development planning in a larger scale in various countries and have gathered experience, among others, in the Saudi Arabian capital Riyadh, Baku in Azerbaijan, in Nigeria with the planning for greater Abuja as well as regional planning for the Rhein-Main-Area around Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Although these citys framework conditions are completely different (and reach from population-shrinkage with over-aging problems to dynamic or even hypergrowth with over- proportion of under aged population combined with insufficient infrastructure), there are some principles that seem to be almost “universally” applicable. They are summarised in the following and represent the experiences of our work during the recent years: The principle of “de-centralised concentration” may serve as the basic tool toimprove urban development in agglomeration areas. Regarding Urban Planning, the Preservation of ecological resources andstringent protection of the environment constitute the basis for sustainable development. To achieve these goals it is most important to steer the Organisation of settlement patterns within an area on a regional planning scale. Density and distribution of land use, location and size of open space, and a corresponding network of transportation and technical infrastructure are essential requirements for efficient development. The character of the urban fabric basically defines the quality of person and freight related mobility, services, micro climate or the efficiency of the urban system as a whole inclusive of its socialStructure. This planning principle of “de-centralised concentration” allows for a properdevelopment control in metropolitan areas, it suggests a densely interlinkednetwork of concentrated sub centres with particular vital functions within thedecentralized urban fabric of a mega city or agglomeration area. Concentration will create compact settlement entities based on limitedconsumption of land and effective infrastructure networks. While a de-centralisedplanning approach will lead to self-contained urban entities providing efficient anddurable technical and social structures. Concentration, as limited consumption of land, requires high urban densities,which is unfamiliar to most European or North-American cities. While for examplethe number of inhabitants per sqkm in central London or Paris varies betweensome 25.000 and 38.000 (in Berlins “Mitte”-district, by the way, its 7.500); it reaches over 50.000 in Shanghais or Honkongs most densely populateddistricts. The recent restrictions set in China to limit villa-compound development in urban areas point into the right direction. It is important to complement the network of build up areas and sub centers with a network of open spaces which serve as green and as infrastructure corridors.This settlement pattern has proved highly efficient in many fields of planning and implementation of city development, while the attempt to centrally plan, organize and implement the development of highly complex systems has significant disadvantages, increasingly so with growing size and increasing interdependence between its elements. Given the dimension of mega cities, this has to be done on the level of Regional Planning. It is most important to strengthen and improve Regional planning capacity, at the same time intensifying co-operation between planners and local authorities.We believe that in the very near future, the key criterion for whether a urbanism project is regarded sustainable will be its efficiency in land-use. The preservation of the still largest and most efficient solar collector on our planet, namely arable land, will be paramount.-changchun projects together-wuxi tourism development-Strategy B: The down-town landscape“ is a vital structural element to compensate the land use for built-up areas in mega cities .Todays rapid growing mega cities do significantly lack down town open space and regional green belts in a dimension to be called “landscape”. This cannot be balanced by artificial water ways, parks and street related green belts only. Mega cities demand a profound ecological inner-city-landscape planning. The function of inner-city-landscape is manifold, to name the most important:- Local climate improvement, better exchange of fresh air, reduction of airpollution.- help to establish an orderly, recognisable structure, understood assequential mix of open landscape and built-up areas of the agglomerationwhich makes it fabric more “readable” to its inhabitants.- help to maintain the human scale within large settlements- Urban agriculture can support provision food supplies with shorttransportation ways (reduction of traffic)- Locating sports and recreation facilities embedded within the down-townlandscape, in the immediate vicinity of residential areas leads to reductionof Leisure time mobility (which for example in Germany generates 50 % ofthe total of individual transportation (km/person)- Offer corridors for future implementation of transportation,