2011届高三英语完形填空策略研究

,高三英语完形填空教学策略研究,南平一中 邱玉芬,I、完形填空作为考题的理论依据,II、完形填空的命题形式和特点,III、完形填空的教学策略,I. 理论依据,完形填空：cloze（closure）,英国学者泰勒 (WLTaylor 1953),格式塔心理学 (Gestalt Psychology),格式塔心理学家认为： 人们观察物体形状时，往往会无意识地把物体看成是完整的，即使形状中有空缺，人们也会根据脑海里对某一事物的完整概念，利用已知的不完全的信息，推断出该事物的全貌。,应用于语言学习，则是人们利用自然语言的冗余现象(redundancy)，将不完整的语言补全。,redundancywhen something is unnecessary because it is more than is needed.,英国学者Oller,综合测试能更好地测量出学生的语言水平,特点：一个项目同时测试语言的多方面知识和不止一项技能。,II、完形填空题的命题形式与特点,1、命题形式, 提供一篇语句连贯的短文,有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一个词语,形成总共10，15或20处的空缺,在相应的空缺处设置A、 B、 C和 D 四个备选答案,（07年起）广东省：设10处空缺的多项选择完形,（08年起）上海市：一篇为设10处空缺的选词完形，一篇为设15处空缺的多项选择完形,（04年起）福建省： 设 20处空缺的多项选择完形,2、命题特点,总体思路相对稳定,考查考生对语篇整体的理解能力和行文之间的逻辑推理能力,考查考生词汇的综合运用能力,设题意图、要求更加明晰（实施新课程后）,考查点应控制在考试说明(表I) 未标号的词汇及 (表II) 带号的词汇；,考查阅读理解能力和词汇的综合运用能力；,所选的材料要有利于考生进行语篇分析，要保证本大题有较好的区分度 ；,1、设项简洁、以考查词汇为主,主要以考查单个的词汇为主，配以少量的 词组或短语；,选项设置主要采用同一词类的单词或同属同一范畴的词、词组或短语；,实例1：(2009福建) When Stephen Guyers three children were growing up, he told them stories about bow his grandfather, a banker, 36 all in the 1930s, but did not lose sight of what he valued most. 36. A. missed B. lost C. forgot D. ignored (2010福建) “ Still cant speak Chinese?” He 41 me , “You cant even buy a fish in Chinatown .” 41 A. cared about B. laughed at C. argued with D. asked after,2004至2010年福建省完形填空考点设置一览,2、行文逻辑关联度高、确保答案的唯一性,空缺处待填充的信息不是孤立存在的，而是相互关联的；解题时需要从整体上分析句与句之间的联系，并通过已知信息推断出正确的答案。,实例2：(2010福建) . On a Chinese New Years Eve , my uncle spoke to me in Chinese , but all I could do was 40 at him , confused , scratching my head . “ Still cant speak Chinese?” He 41 me , “You cant even buy a fish in Chinatown .” “Hey ,this is America , not China. Ill get some 42 with or without Chinese.” I replied and turned to my mom for 43 . 40. A. aimB. joke C. nod D. stare 41. A. cared aboutB. laughed at C. argued with D. asked after 42. A. right nowB. from now C. at times D. in time 43. A. decision B. permission C. information D. preparation,如果句与句是孤立存在的，就会产生答案不是唯一性的结果。,I replied and turned to my mom for 43 . (2010福建) A. decision B. permission C. information D. preparation,3、稳中求变，时代感强,文化内涵；正面教育的积极意义；题材新颖；语言地道；生活气息浓郁；时代感强；符合考生的生活经验、学习特点和认知水平；,情感态度、人生价值观、跨文化思维、跨文化交际,教学策略一 依据考试说明，强化活用词汇能力,重点关注：1、近义词 2、兼类词 3、具有引申意义的词,III.完形填空教学策略,1、近义词,完形填空的考点选项多以近义词作为干扰选项。,实例3：(2009福建) When Stephen Guyers three children were growing up, he told them stories about how hisgrandfather, a banker, 36 all in the 1930s, but did not lose sight of what he valued most. 36. A. missed B. lost C. forgot D. ignored,实例4： (2010福建) the breath of the dragon(龙）on my back grew strongermy blood boiling 49 me to cry out . “Xian Sheng Yu ,please” A. forcing B. allowing C. persuading D. leading,应对策略：,增强词汇辨析能力展示不同的例句供学生观察、分析引导和启发学生discover language（ 自行发现和归纳语言规律）辅以口、笔头造句或写作等形式加以应用巩固,2、兼类词,一词多义、一词兼有多种词类的词也是完形填空常设为考点的词。实例5 Born in America, I spoke English, not Chinese, the language of my ancestors. When I was three, my parents flashed cards with Chinese 36 at my face, , (2010福建)36. A. custom B. games C. characters D. language,实例6 I found the fish 45 surrounded in a sea of customers. “Id like to buy some fresh fish ,” I shouted to the fishman . (2010福建) A. farm B. stand C. pond D. market,应对策略： 重点关注一词多义的兼类词；在平时的阅读中，关注其在不同语句、语境中的词类变化。,拓宽语言输入渠道，阅读原版英文小说、英文报刊或收看英语电视新闻节目，逐步养成用英语思维的习惯。,3、具有引申意义的词,实例7The 51 is telling the stories in a way children can 52 . (2009福建) 51. A. trouble B. gift C. fact D. trick,应对策略：,以教材为载体，重视猜词悟意能力的培养; 引导学生通过互联网阅读英美国家的时文报刊了解更多词汇作为引申词义、原汁原味的表达。,（人教版必修5 Unit 4 Making the newsReading ） ZY: But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX: This is a trick of the trade.,（人教版必修1 Unit 3 Travel JournalUsing language） There was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company.,（人教版选修6 Unit 1 ArtUsing language） A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.,（人教版选修7 Unit 3 Under the seareading） “Man overboard! Turn the boat around! urged George, shouting loudly.,（人教版选修8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventionsreading） Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.,教学策略二 立足教材，培养学生分析语句结构的能力,1、语法分析能力 2、长、难句分析能力,1、语法分析能力,实例8 (2009福建) In one of the darkest times 37 his strong- minded grandfather was nearly 38 ,37. A. when B. while C. how D. why,实例9 (2009福建) What they 45 was how warm the people were in the house and how 46 of their heart was accessible. 45. A. talked about B. cared about C. wrote about D. heard about 46. A. much B. many C. little D. few,教学建议：,以教材为蓝本，夯实语法基础，提升语法分析能力。 还可借助英文歌曲、英文诗歌、谚语等加深对语法基础知识的理解和记忆。,（人教版必修2 Unit 1 Cultural relicsReading ） In September 1941, the Nazis army was near St Peterburg. This was a time when the two countries were at war.,( 人教版必修5 Unit 3Life in the futureReading ) I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.,( 人教版选修6 Unit 5Reading ) I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my windows.,when 并列连词 = and (just) at that time,( 人教版选修9 Unit 1 Breaking recordsReading ) While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in reality they require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as determination. etc.,while conj. 虽然,英文歌曲 “She”歌词片段（可供学习定语从句） She is the one that you never forget She is the heaven-sent angel you met Oh, she must be the reason why God made a girl She is so pretty all over the world.,It was a night of early spring, The winter-sleep was scarcely broken Around us shadows and the wind Listened for what was never spoken Though half a score of years are gone, Spring comes as sharply now as then But if we had it all to do It would be done the same again. It was a spring that never came. But we have lived enough to know What we have never had, remain; It is the things we have that go.,Wisdom,Proverbs(谚语),Strike while the iron is hot. (An American proverb) Once the arrow has been shot it cannot be recalled. (An Asian proverb) He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own. (A Swedish proverb) The eyes are of little use if the mind is blind. (An Arabian proverb) A boy living near Buddhist temple can learn an untaught lesson.( A Japanese proverb) Its no using crying over the spilt milk. (A British proverb),2、长、难句分析能力,实例10 (2008福建) Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a 52 transaction between parent and child 53 a one-way, parent-to-childtraining 54 . 52. A. one-sided B. many-sided C. round-wayD. two-way 53. A. more than B. rather than C. better thanD. less than54. A. manner B. methodC. program D. guide,实例11 (2007福建),The part of my job I 47 most was the counseling (咨询) meetings I 48 with the family members of the men and women in my 49 , trying to help them deal with the long periods of 50 . 47.A. took B. hated C. enjoyedD. did 48. A. ended B. began C. continued D. held 49. A. charge B. situation C. position D. choice 50. A. lessons B. meeting C. training D. separation,实例 12 (2009福建),In one of the darkest times 37 his strong-minded grandfather was nearly 38 , he loaded his family into the car and 39 them to see family members in Canada with a 40 ,“there are more important things in life than money. ” 37. A. when B. while C. how D. why 38. A. friendless B. worthless C. penniless D. homeless 39. A fetched B. allowed C. expected D. took 40. A. hope B. promise C. suggestion D. belief,应对策略：,遇到长句、难句，应保持冷静，试着先找出句子主干结构；再从语法的层面上确定句子属于哪一类结构，并理解句意。然后借助上下文关联的信息，进行分析、推敲，做出选择。 还可选用一些题典，提供给学生现场讨论、分析，并实战演练，提升学生对长、难句的识别能力、分析能力和理解能力。,教学策略三 拓宽阅读文体，提升真正的阅读理解能力,完形命题选材有所变化： 议论文、说明文、应用文等文体 出现在 “上海、重庆、广东、江苏、安徽等一些省份的高考完形题中 这种变化传导出的信息就是：考生应具备阅读多种文体的能力, 以应对完形填空对阅读能力的考查趋于广度、深度的要求。,1 、记叙文,记叙文的主要特点是以叙事为主。 用作完形填空命题的记叙文，通常以第一人称的手法讲述作者生活中亲身经历的一件事，文章结尾常以作者由此经历而引发的人生感悟作为结束。,(2010福建) Born in America , I spoke English ,not Chinese ,the language of my ancestors . When I was three, my parents flashed cards with Chinese 36 at my face , but I pushed them 37 ,my mom believed I would learn 38 I was ready .But the 39 never came. . Should I laugh or cry Theyre Chinese . I should feel right at 52 . Instead , I was the joke , a disgrace (丢脸)to the language. Sometimes , I laugh at my fish 53 , but , in the end .the joke is on 54 . Every laugh is a culture 55 ; every laugh is my heritage (传统)fading away.,解题技巧,关注首句和结束句，在通读全文的基础上，缕出贯穿全文的线索词。 而后，联系上下文，结合空缺处前后的具体的语境、找出关键信息词, 并依据已有的信息推断缺失的信息，恢复文章的原貌。,(2010福建) Born in America , I spoke English ,not Chinese , When I was three, my parents flashed cards with Chinese 36 at my face , but I pushed them 37 ,my mom believed 38 I was ready .But the 39 never came. On a Chinese New Years Eve , my uncle spoke to me in Chinese , but all I could do was 40 at him , confused , scratching my head . “ Still cant speak Chinese?” He 41 me , buy a fish in Chinatown .” “Hey ,this is America , not China. Ill get some 42 with or without Chinese.” Should I laugh or cry Theyre Chinese . I should feel right at 52 . ,实例 13,2）议论文,议论文主要是通过事例、数据等作为 论据对作者提出的观点或见解（论点）进行论证的一种文体。,实例14. （2010广东),Every country has its own culture. Even though each country uses doors. Doors many have 21 functions and purposes which lead to 22 differences. When I first came to America, I noticed that a public building had two different 23 and they had distinct functions. and to pull the door with the word “PULL” to 24 the building. This was new to me, because we use the 25 door in South Korea. The way of using school bus doors was also 26 to me . opened both the front and back doors, 27 who should get off first, and students who were getting on should get on 28 . In South Korea, , I 29 tried to get on the school bus through the front door. .I was totally 30 ,and my face went red.,实例15 (2008福建),The position of children in American family and society is no longer what is used to be. The 36 family in colonial(殖民时期的) North America was mainly concerned with survival and 37 that, With the 40 of the society, the position of children in the family and in the society became more important. This new 48 of children and the frequent contact between the members of society has also 49 an increasing interest in child-raising techniques. Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a 52 transaction(事务) between parent and child 53 a one-way, parent-to-child training 54 . As a consequence, socializing children and 55 with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.,实例16（2009江苏）,The requirements for high school graduation have just changed in my community. As a result, all students must 36 sixty hours of service learning, 37 they will not receive a diploma. Supporters claim that there are many 41 of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think 42 their own interests and become 43 of the needs of others. For example, if a student wonders what teaching is like, he or she can choose to work in an elementary school classroom a few afternoons each month. 47 there are many benefits, Opponents （反对者） 48 problems with the new requirement. First, they 49 that the main reason students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because . Second, they believe that forcing students to work without 51 goes against the law. In my view, service learning is a great way to 52 to the community, learn new skills, and explore different careers. .,解题技巧：,跳出眼睛只盯住文字层面顺序往下走的定势解题方法 重点关注文章的第一句，每一段的首句和文章的结束句 构筑出文章的总体框架：论点 论据（事例） 结论联系上下文，通过已知的信息，推断出未知的信息,3、说明文,说明文是以说明为主要的表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理、给人知识的一种文体。 作者通常在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，然后按时间顺序或空间顺序或逻辑顺序等来写作。 特点是：段落层次清楚、结构严谨。,实例17 (2010安徽),Most people give little thought to the pens they write with , especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very 36 things are handwritten .All too often, people buy a pen based only on 37 , and wonder why they are not satisfied 38 they begin to use it ,However, buying a pen that youll enjoy is not 39 if you keep the following in mind. First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be 40 to use. . Then, the writing point of the pen should 46 the ink to flow evenly(均匀的) while that pen remains in touch with the paper. 52 ,the pen should make a thick , dark line. Fine-line pens may 53 bad handwriting, but fine, delicate lines do not command 54 next to printed text ,as , 55 , a signature on a printed letter. ,实例18 (2009重庆),People often fall ill because of me. 36 , they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own 37 . A tired person may get 38 , especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in 39 is another factor. They will catch a cold easily. My latest victim is . After school, he played football hard . Though 40 , he still went to the cinema. I seized this golden chance to 41 him. He reacted, trying to 42 me, but