中国海洋大学通识课程西方文明史3.ppt

,PartFourBourgeoisRevolutions,AHistoryofWesternCivilization,TriumphofCapitalism:FirstBourgeoisRevolutions,DutchRevolutionEnglishRevolutionAmericanRevolutionFrenchRevolution,Prelude:TheDutchRevolt,EightyYearsWarortheRevoltoftheNetherlands(156811648),WilliamI,PrinceofOrange(April24,1533July10,1584),orsimplyWilliamofOrangeHewasthemainleaderoftheDutchrevoltagainsttheSpanish,TerritoryoftheUnitedProvincesc.1590(inorange),1607-BattleofGibraltartherecentlyexpandedDutchnavyengagesaSpanishfleetatGibraltar,I.EnglishRevolution(alsocalledEnglishCivilWars),AbsoluteMonarchy,RuleoftheHouseofStuart,SocialandEconomicBackground社会经济背景ManufactureandCommerce工商业ManufacturingPuttingoutsystem制造业，分散工场AgriculturalRevolution农业革命Enclosure,CapitalistFarming圈地，资本主义农场ForeignTrade国际贸易,SocialClassesbeforetherevolution社会阶级1.Merchants商人2.GentlemenandNewGentry绅士和新贵族3.Yeomanry(free-holdersParliament;Noblesystem,TheReignofStuartsFeudalistLandsystem,Taxesandfinancialpolicy,foreignpolicy,Religiousprosecutions,conflictsbetweenthemonarchandthebourgeois.,FromCivilWarstotheRestoration从革命到斯图亚特王朝复辟,FromCivilWarstoCommonwealth从两次内战到共和国RoyalistsorcavaliersvsroundheadsProtectorate护国政体Restoration斯图亚特王朝复辟,CharlesI,OliverCromwell,OliverCromwell,RoyalistsorcavaliersvsroundheadsLevelersDiggersTheLordProtectorTheRestoration,CharlesII,detailofapaintingbySirPeterLely,c.1675,GloriousRevolution,ConsequencesofCivilWars,CollapseofFeudalSocialRelationsDevelopmentofCapitalistEconomyChangeofLandownershipPoliticaltheoriesofBourgeoisie,GloriousRevolution1688,EstablishmentofBourgeoisPoliticalSystemConstitutionalMonarchy,JamesII,WilliamofOrangeandMarry,ProtestantdaughterofJamesII,TheCrowningofWilliamandMary,BillofRights,Thekingcouldnotsuspendlaw.NotaxeswithouttheconsentofParliamentFreedomofspeechinParliamentRightofpetitionandfreeofexcessivefines,bail,orcruelpunishment,AnneofEngland,thelastmonarchoftheStuartoiloncanvasc.1690,GeorgeI,1714-27ThefirstoftheHanover1714;,RobertWalpole,c.171015(SirRobertWalpole)TheWhigLeaderBritishstatesman(inpower172142),generallyregardedasthefirstBritishprimeminister.,Pitt,William,1759-1806,Britishprimeminister(17831801,180406)TheToryLeader,SignificanceofEnglishRevolution,ThefirstmajorpoliticalvictoryofCapitalismRevolutionendedinCompromiseRevolutioninreligiousdisguise,soalsocalledPuritanRevolution,II.AmericanRevolution,SocialandEconomicDevelopmentofBritishNorthAmericanColonies,Thirteencolonies:north,middleandsouth;proprietary;autonomousandcrown,North:smallfarmersandmanufacturing;Middle:Largescalefarming;South:Slaveplantation,BritishNorthAmericanColonies,Mayflower,LandingofMayflowersimmigrants,OriginsofPeopleintheBritishColonies,PuritansandPilgrimageMayflowerCompact,MerchantsandbiglandownersIndenturedservantsBlackSlaves,Nationinthemaking美利尘民族的形成,Benevolentnegligence有益忽视FormationofNationalmarket民族市场的形成Senseofnation民族意识的形成Conflictsbetweencoloniesandthemothernation殖民地与宗主国的矛盾,Theendof7yearswar1763七年战争结束ColonialpoliciesoftheGreatBritain英国殖民政策,SugarAct,StampAct,TownshendActs,BostonMassacre1770,波士顿惨案TheFirstContinentalCongress第一次大陆会议,BostonTeaPartyandIntolerableActs波士顿茶党和不可容忍的法律,Shotsheardroundtheworld:LexingtonandConcord,1775战争的第一枪,ThomasGage,Thegovernor,BostonMassacre波士顿大屠杀,BostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶案,TheBattleofConcord,thefirstbattleoftheAmericanRevolution(1775-1783),tookplaceattheNorthBridgeonApril19,1775.,BattleofLexington,DeclarationofIndependence,WashingtoncrossingtheDelaware,BankerHillBattle,SiegeofYorktown,ANewNation,ShaysRebellionFederalistsandAnti-Federalists1787ConstitutionConventionBillofRights,TheMapofContinentalUSA,TheMapofContinentalUSA,ShaysRebellion,ThomasJefferson,AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,美国宪法之父,ConstitutionalConvention,ConstitutionalConference立宪会议,Constitution美国宪法原件,PrinciplesofGovernmentalSystem,LegalBasisofthePoliticalSystem:RightsofPeopleFederalSystemCivilGovernmentCheckandBalance,BillofRights权利法案（前十条修正案）,Rightofexpression,assembly,petition,ofreligion,etc.Righttobeararms.Rightofjusttrial.Rightsofpeople:Internallawsvs.Internationalpractice.,CentralGovernment,FederalSystemofGovernment,Civilgovernment,Civilvs.MilitaryIsPresidentClintonaserviceman?,国会对其他两权的限制CongressPOWERSCHECKSONEXECUTIVECHECKSONJUDICIARYPassesfederallawsControlsappropriations，Passesfederalbudget,leviestaxesandfundsexecutivefunctionsSenateapprovesappointmentsofjudges,Canoverrideexecutivevetoesoflegislationwithatwo-thirdsvoteineachhouseofCongress;PossessespowertoimpeachandremovejudgesApprovestreatiesandfederalappointments;Senatecandenyconfirmationtoexecutiveappointeesortotreatieswithforeigngovernments;Cancurbjudicialpowerbyaddingnewjudgesandcreatingnewcourtsystems,Declareswar;Possessesoversightpowers;WritesrulesthatmaylimitpowersofjudicialreviewincertainlegislationEstablisheslowerfederalcourts,judicialpositions;Canimpeachandremovepresident,Adminstrationschecksonlegislatureandjudicialpower总统权力及对其他两权的限制,ExecuteslawspassedbyCongress;Vetooverlegislation;Appointsjudgesandotheremployeesofthefederalgovernment;,PowertoconvenespecialsessionofCongress;Canpardonindividualsconvictedinfederalcourts;Commander-in-chiefofarmedforces;Negotiatestreatieswithforeigngovernments;VicepresidentpresidesoverSenate,withtie-breakingvote,RulesonconstitutionalityofCongressionallegislationandExecutiveactsChiefjusticepresidesoverpresidentialimpeachmenthearings;Chiefjusticepresidesoverpresidentialimpeachmenthearings,SupremeCourt,SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,Marburyv.Madison(Feb.24,1803),landmarkU.S.SupremeCourtdecision,thefirstinstanceinwhichthehighcourtdeclaredanactofCongressunconstitutional,thusestablishingthedoctrineofjudicialreview.,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall,III.FrenchRevolution,III.FrenchRevolution,I.IdeologicalBackground:EnlightenmentII.TheCrisesoftheOldRegimeIII.Estates:classesbeforetheRevolutionIII.TheRevolutionThefirstStageIV.FromtheConstitutionalMonarchtotheRepublic-ThesecondStageV.TheTerror-TheThirdStage,I.TheEnlightenment,1.WhatisEnlightenment?French:SicleDeLumiresaEuropeanintellectualmovementofthe17thand18thcenturiesinwhichideasconcerningGod,reason,nature,andmanweresynthesizedintoaworldviewthatgainedwideassentandthatinstigatedrevolutionarydevelopmentsinart,philosophy,andpolitics.,2.TheCharacteristicsoftheEnlightenment,1.Reason-Scienceasthehighesthumanpursuit.2.Deism-naturalGodagainstCatholicChurch3.SocialContractDemocracyagainstdespotism4.Romanticism,VoltaireFranois-MarieArouet1694-1788Oneofphilosophesof18th-centuryFrancewhobelievedinthesupremacyandefficacyofhumanreason.,Rousseau,Jean-Jacques1712-1778,ADiscourseUpontheOriginandFoundationoftheInequalityAmongMankind,Diderot,Denis1713-1784,Montesquieu,Charles-LouisdeSecondat,1689-1755,Hismajorwork:TheSpiritofLaws,LibertyEqualityFraternity,AllegoryofTruth,II.CrisisoftheOldRegime,1.FinancialCrisisClassesandEstates2.AristocraticRevolt:Parlementandthelaws3.EstatesGeneralSieyessWhatistheThirdEstate?,ThemeetingoftheEstatesGeneral:May5,1789,TheFirstStageoftheFrenchRevolution,1789-1792,StormingoftheBastille,StormingoftheBastille,TheTennisCourtOathatVersaillesbyJacquesLouisDavid,EngravingoftheWomensMarchonVersailles,5October1789,TheAchievementsoftheRevolutionofthisperiod.TheDeclarationofRightsofManandCitizenOnAugust4,1789theNationalAssemblyagreedtoabolishtheprincipleofprivilege.FeudalLandsystemwasabolished.,TransportationofVoltaireattheFrenchPanthon,8July1792,ArrestofLouisCapetatVarennes,June22,1791,NationalAssemblyRelinquishesAllItsPrivileges,TheKingAcceptingtheConstitutionamidtheNationalAssembly,14September1791,DeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,DeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen1789AdoptedbytheNationalAssemblyduringtheFrenchRevolutiononAugust26,1789,andreaffirmedbytheconstitutionof1958.,Articlefirst-Menarebornandremainfreeandequalinrights.Socialdistinctionsmaybebasedonlyonconsiderationsofthecommongood.,Article2-Theaimofeverypoliticalassociationisthepreservationofthenaturalandimprescriptiblerightsofman.TheserightsareLiberty,Property,SafetyandResistancetoOppression.Article3-ThesourceofallsovereigntyliesessentiallyintheNation.Nocorporatebody,noindividualmayexerciseanyauthoritythatdoesnotexpresslyemanatefromit.,Article4-Libertyconsistsinbeingabletodoanythingthatdoesnotharmothers:thus,theexerciseofthenaturalrightsofeverymanhasnoboundsotherthanthosethatensuretotheothermembersofsocietytheenjoymentofthesesamerights.TheseboundsmaybedeterminedonlybyLaw.Article5-TheLawhastherighttoforbidonlythoseactionsthatareinjurioustosociety.NothingthatisnotforbiddenbyLawmaybehindered,andnoonemaybecompelledtodowhattheLawdoesnotordain.,TheEstatesGeneral,rebornastheNationalAssembly,finisheditsworkbycompletinganewconstitution.ThisdocumentprovidedforanexecutivetheKingaswellasalegislativebody.Suffragewasmaleandrestrictedtocertaineconomiclevels.Overall,itwasamoderatedocumentthatcreatedaconstitutionalmonarchandprivilegedthewealthytoaconsiderabledegreeatatimewhenthemonarchyhaddiscrediteditselfandpopularclasseswantedmore.,ConstitutionalMonarchyAftertwoyearsofconsideration,theConstitutionof1791wasfinished.Thenewconstitutionwasdesignedtopreventthereturnofdespotismbymakingallgovernmentofficialssubjecttotheruleoflaw.Theeighty-threedistrictscalleddepartments,wouldelectadministratorstoexecutelaws,maintainpublicorder,levytaxes,andoverseeeducationandpoorrelief.Thepowersofthenationalgovernmentweredividedamongseparate,independentbranches.Astheonlylaw-makingbody,thesingle-chambered,LegislativeAssemblywastheheartofthestate,enjoyingwidepowers.Althoughtherighttovotewasextendedtomorethanhalftheadultmalepopulationcalledactivecitizens,veryrestrictivequalificationsmadeonlyabout50,000men(outofabout26millionFrenchpeople)eligibletoserveasdeputies.Thechiefexecutivewastobetheking,whowouldcontinuetoinherithisoffice,buthispowersweretobelimited.,CivilLibertiesTheRevolutionexterminatedalltitlesofnobility.ProtestantsandJewswerepersecutedundertheoldregime,butliberatedinthedaysoftheRevolution.Thosewhodidnothavefreedomofthoughtandworshipandfullcivillibertiesweregrantedtheserights.TheslaverebellioninSaintDominguez(modern-dayHaiti)wassupportedbyParisrevolutionarieseventhoughblackindependencewouldharmFrenchinterests.,TheChurchStrippedofItsPowerOnNovember2nd,1789legislationnationalizedchurchlands.Threemonthslater,allmonasteriesandconventsweredismissed,exceptthosethataidedthepoororthatprovideeducationservice.InJuly1790,thegovernmentapprovedtheCivilConstitutionoftheClergyandpriestsnowwereequivalentofpaidagentsofthestate.CatholicswererequiredtochoosetosupportorrejecttheRevolution.Many“nonjuring”priestsrefusedtotakeanoathandranintohiding.,Inthiscaricature,monksandnunsenjoytheirnewfreedomafterthedecreeof16February1790.,TheTriumphofLiberty1790,Inthesummerof1792,thefirststageoftheFrenchRevolutionendedwithproblemsbothathomeandabroad.Intheseyears,however,theRevolutionhadmadegreataccomplishments.Itabolishedaristocraticprivilegesandestablishedthepoliticalprinciplesofliberty,equalityandfraternity.Constitutionalmonarchyfailed,butanewpoliticalatmospherethatwasbasedonparticipation,propertyandcivillibertyhadformed.Nooneknewhowtosolvetheproblems,butitwascertainthattherewasnowaytoturnback.,TheSecondStageoftheRevolution,TheInternalandExternalThreatstotheRevolutionFiscalcrisis,inflationandforeignwarwereinfrontoftherevolutionarygovernment.Warthreatsofforeignreactionaryforcesfromthefallof1791alsochallengedstability.,TheFatherlandinDanger,OnAugust10,1792,thepeopleofParisbrokeintotheTuileriesPalace.Theydemanded“equality”and“nation”andnolongerlovedorrespectedtheking.Bothwealthyandpoorsans-culotteswantedapopulardemocracy.,Thenewgovernmentalsofacedaforeignthreat.InApril1792,itwenttowaragainstAustriaandPrussia.Thesenationswishedtorestorethekingandemigrstotheirpositions.TheforeignarmiesdefeatedFrenchforcesintheearlyfightingandinvadedFrance.,August10,1792,Dayof10August1792,Onceincontrol,theGirondinsrapidlyledFranceintowarinthespringof1792,butthisstrategybackfiredwhenFrenchforcesperformedbadlyformostofthatyearandasaconsequenceFrancewasinvadedbyPrussianandAustriantroops.ThesedefeatspanickedParisians,contributingtotheradicalizationthatculminatedintheoverthrowoftheconstitutionalmonarchyinAugust1792.TheAssemblythencalledforaNationalConventiontobechoseninanelectionopentonearlyallFrenchmalesaged21orolder,andforanewconstitution.,Geoges-JacquesDanton(1759-1794)persuadedtheNationalConventiontotakemostunconventionalmeasures:“ToDare,toDareAgain,EvertoDare!”tosavetheRevolution.OnSeptember20,FrenchforcesdefeatedaPrussianarmyintheBattleofValmy.Thisvictory,whichpreventedthePrussiansfromadvancingonParis,helpedendtheimmediatedangersandthemonarchy.,Danton:ToDare,toDareAgain,EvertoDare!,TriumphoftheParisianArmyandthePeople,InSeptember1792,theLegislativeAssemblywasreplacedbytheConvention,OnSeptember21,1792,withthenewsofFrenchvictoryintheBattleofValmyreachingtheConvention,themonarchywasdoomedinFrance;thenextdaytheRepublicwasfoundedwhentheConventionadoptedanewrevolutionarycalendar.ItmadeSeptember22,1792thefirstdayofYearI.LouisXVIwastriedfortreasonandsentencedtodeathbyguillotinebytheConventioninJanuary1793.,theBattleofValmy,LastMeetingofLouisXVIwithHisFamilyattheTemplePrison,ImageoftheExecutionofLouisXVI,ImageoftheQueensExecution,Brumaire,RevolutionaryCalendar,FrenchRepublicanCalendarof1794,RobespierreandtheReignofTerrorInJune1793theJacobinseffectivelyremovedtheirpoliticaloppositionandproclaimeda“republiconeandindivisible,”inwhichlegislativepowerwouldbepredominant.InJuly1793RobespierrebecameleaderoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety.Threatenedbyinternalunrestandexternalwar,theNationalConventionyieldedpoliticalpowertotheCommitteeofPublicSafety.Thistwelve-mangroupwas,asitstitlesuggests,responsibleforthewellbeingofthestate.,AssassinationofJ.P.Marat,TheDeathofMarat,CharlotteCorday,TheDaysof31Mayand12June1793,OnAugust17,1793,theconventionvotedfortheleveenmasse(massconscription),whichmobilizedallcitizenstoserveassoldiersorsuppliersinthewareffort.Bythesummerof1793,whentheJacobinshadreorganizedtheCommitteeandeffectivelycontrolledthegovernment,therevolutionarieswereexhibitingapoliticalruthlessnessunlikeanyseenbefore.Theconventionquicklyenactedmorelegislation.,TheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsareusuallydividedbetweentheFirstCoalition(17921797)andtheSecondCoalition(17981801),althoughFrancewasalsoatwarwithGreatBritaincontinuouslyfrom1793to1802.HostilitiesceasedwiththeTreatyofAmiens(1802).,OnSeptember5itapprovedtheReignofTerror,apolicythroughwhichthestateusedviolencetocrushresistancetotherevolution.OnSeptember9theconventionestablishedsans-culotteparamilitaryforces,theso-calledrevolutionaryarmies,toforcefarmerstosurrendergraindemandedbythegovernment.,OnSeptember17theLawofSuspectswaspassed,whichauthorizedthechargingofcounter-revolutionaries.Guillotine:between18,000and40,000peoplewereexecutedduringtheReignofTerror,OnSeptember29theconventionextendedprice-fixingfromgrainandbreadtootheressentialgoodsandfixedwages.OnDecember4thenationalgovernmentresumedoversightoflocaladministration.OnFebruary4,1794,itabolishedslaveryinthecolonies.,TopreservetheRevolution,theJacobingovernmentreorganizedandstrengthenedthearmy.TheJacobinsexpandedthesizeofthearmyandpromotedyoungersoldierswhohaddemonstratedtheirabilityandpatriotismtoleadingpositions.ThesegreatlystrengthenedFrenchmilitaryforce,whicheventuallythrewbacktheAustrians,Prussians,English,andSpanishduringthefallof1793andexpelledtheAustriansfromBelgiumbythesummerof1794.,Duringthisperiod,theconventionandthesans-culottesalsorevolutionizedculture.Thesegroupssponsoredtheuseofrevolutionaryandrepublicanpropagandainthearts,publicfestivals,namesofstreetsorcitiesandmodesofdress.,Thechurch,aspartofoldregime,wasalsoattackedintheRevolution.InfluencedbyRousseausideasaboutnature,aCultoftheSupremeBeing,acivicreligionwithoutpriestsorchurcheswasfounded.,TheCathedralofNotreDamedePariswaschangedintotheTempleofReason.ThenewreligionhelditsownfestivalstounderminethepositionofCatholicism.,TheThermidorianReaction,ThecoupagainstRobespierreandhisassociateswasledbyagroupofdissidentJacobins,includingmembersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety.TheyhadsupportedtheReignofTerrorbutfearedRobespierrewouldturnonthemnext.OnJuly27,1794(Thermidor,YearII,intherevolutionarycalendar),Robespierreandhis82closefollowerswerearrestedandtwodayslaterwereguillotined.,TheDeathofRobespierre,ClosingoftheJacobinClub,duringthenightof27-28July1794,or9-10Thermidor,year2oftheRepublic,TheSignificanceoftheRevolution,1.ByoverthrowingtheOldRegime,therevolutionpavedwaystothepoliticalruleofbourgeoisie.2.TherevolutionshookthefoundationoffeudalisminEuropeandinfluencedtheworld.Equalityandlibertyweredeclaredthebasicprinciplesforallhumanrace.,TheEraofNapoleon,ThermidoreansandtheDirectory,TheReignoftheThermidoreans,LimitDemocracyReignofWhiteTerrorCancellationofSocialWelfarelawsandpriceceiling,II.TheCrisisoftheDirectory,Thethre