v-ing-的用法PPT课件

非谓语动词,Vingform,v-ingform,V-ingform分为现在分词和动名词两种情况。形式上一样，但用法功能不同。其构成方式为：,动词变为v-ing的规则：1.一般在动词后加ing,如：work-workingstudy-studyingdo-doing2.动词以不发音的e结尾，去掉e,加ing。如：likelikingmakemakingwritewriting3.以重读闭音节结尾末尾只有一个辅音，双写辅音字母再加ing。如：setsettingrunrunningswimswimmingbeginbeginningforgetforgetting,preferpreferring4.以ie结尾的变成y再加ing。如：die-dyinglie-lyingtie-tying,V-ing形式的各种时态和语态:,时态,一般式,完成式,主动,被动,doing,havingdone,beingdone,havingbeendone,否定式：notdoingsth.复合式：onesdoingsth.,-ing分词的否定形式是由not加-ing分词构成。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Icoulddonothingbutstayathomeandwait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。,-ing分词的一般式和完成式：,-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。,-ing分词的被动式,-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(beingdone)和完成被动式(havingbeendone)。如：Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。,V-ing形式在句中所作的成分,一.V-ingformastheSubject,动名词(短语)做主语往往表示经常性/习惯性的动作,且谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。用法：1.直接置于句首充当句子主语Seeingisbelieving.Helpingherismyduty.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.,V-ingvs.infinitiveasSubject,1._Englishisnotsoeasy._Englishwellthisyearisnotsopossible.(A.Tolearn/B.Learning)2._chessisfun.(A.Toplay/B.playing),A/B,A,B,1）作主语时，不定式与动名词一般可以通用。2）表示一种普遍性的事情或一种经验和体会，一般用动名词作主语：3）表示具体动作（指句中有具体的时间、频率、地点、方式状语）或将来的动作不定式作主语。,2以It作形式主语,动名词做主语和不定式做主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语。如：Itsratherhappytowalkaroundinabeautifulcity.-Walkingaroundinabeautifulcityisratherhappy.Itsratherhappywalkingaroundinabeautifulcity.,Itisntworth_thatprogram.A.towatchB.watchedC.watchingD.beingwatchingItis/wasworthdoing此外还有一些相似的句型：P31(1)ItisawasteoftimedoingItisawasteoftimearguingaboutit.Itsnogood/use/needdoing.做是没益处/没用/没必要的Itsnousewaitinghere.*Itisnoneedtellingherthenews.Thereisnoneed_herthenews.Thereisnoneedtodosth干没必要，todo不可换为doing.,特别注意一些只能用V-ing做主语的句型,totell,Itisnouse(求救),askingforhelp,Itisnouse/gooddoingsth做是没有用处/好处的,Itis/wasworthwhiledoing做是值得的,Itisworthwhile.(这部是电影值得看的),seeingthemovie,2,It+is/was+awasteoftimedoing做是浪费时间的,Itisawasteoftime.(玩电脑游戏),playingcomputergames,3,Itispleasant/uselessdoing做是有乐趣/无用的,Itispleasantwithfriends.(玩),playing,4,3.在therebeno+v-ing结构中作主语这事不是开玩笑的Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.其他常见类似句型：V-ing做宾语Thereisnosenseindoingsth.做没有道理Thereisnopoint（in）doingsth做没有意义Thereisnogood/useindoingsth.做没有好处/用处Thereisnothingworsethandoingsth没有比更糟糕的没有比考试不及格更糟糕的事情了。Thereisnothingworsethan_.考试作弊没有任何意义。Thereisnopoint_intheexam.,failingintheexam,incheating,归纳：常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoing做是浪费时间的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing做是没益/用处的Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing做不值得Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing做是值得的Thereisnodoing无法，不允许,Thereisnosenseindoing做没有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing做无意义Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing做无意义我们不知道要去哪儿。Therewasnoknowingwherewewouldgo.做这件傻事毫无意义。Thereisnopointdoingsuchasillything.,作及物动词的宾语。Shelikesdrawingverymuch.；作某些短语动词的宾语。MaryisthinkingofgoingbacktoNewYork.；do+限定词（my,some,any,the等）+-ing，表示“做事”之意，如：WeoftendoourcleaningonSaturdayafternoon.WillyoudoanyshoppingonthisSaturdayafternoon?,育才中学,二.V-ingasObject,作介词的宾语：Hersisterisgoodatlearningphysics.Ioftenfishforhourswithoutcatchinganything.作形容词worth,busy等的宾语：Thisbookiswellworthreading.ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：Wefounditnogoodtalkinglikethat.Doyouthinkitnecessarytryingagain?,育才中学,注意1.只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest,appreciate,dislike，delay，escape，imagine，postpone,mind，miss，practise，excuse，fancy,risk,cannotstand,giveup，putoff，cannothelp，feellike等。如：我不能不去。Icantavoidgoing你是否考虑过找一位挚友?Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?。,Jacksaidthathewouldntmind_forus.A.towaitB.waitC.waitingD.waited,2.几乎所有介词，都能用动词-ing形式作宾语，其中很多都是固定搭配。例如：dreamofdoing梦想havedifficulty/trouble(in)doing在有困难succeedindoing在成功feellikedoing想要做下列短语中to都是介词：,lookforwardto盼望,objectto反对,payattentionto注意,opposeto反对get/beusedto习惯于,devoteto致力于getdownto着手,listentopayavisitto,agreetobeaccustomedto习惯于，stickto坚持applyoneselfto致力于contributeto有助于berelatedto与有关,3.动词后只用不定式口诀：两个希望要答应两个要求莫拒绝做到学会作决定不要假装在选择没敢提出来帮助,hopewishwantagreepromisedemandaskrefusemanagelearndecidepretendchoosefaildareofferhelp,4.在allow,advise,forbid,permit后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则构成“allowadviseforbidpermit名词代词不定式（宾语补足语）”之形式。如：WedontallowsmokinghereWedontallowanybodytosmokehere,5有些动词或短语动词后可接动名词又可接不定式。A.接doing和todo意思基本相同的常见的有:like，love，hate，prefer，continue,begin/start,Iliketorunnow.（现在想跑）Ilikerunning.（一向喜欢）,既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词B.接doing和todo意思不同的常见的有:forget，remember，regret，try，mean，goon,cannothelp,beusedto,stop,IrememberpostingtheletterIllremembertoposttheletterIshallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriterDontforgettowritetoyourmotherIregretmissingthereportIregrettosayIcanttakeyouradvice,WemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintimeLetstrydoingtheworkinsomeotherwayIdidntmeantomakeyouangryYourplanwouldmeanspendinghoursImbusysoIcanthelp_houseworktoday.(do)Icannothelp_aboutthatgirl.(wonder)Westoppedtalkingtodosomeexercises.,Wecannothelpbutadmirehiscourage.,Mygrandpaisusedtogoingforawalkafterdinner.Woodcanbeusedtomakepaper.,6.在need,want,require之后:doing=tobedoneHershoeswantsmending.Yourhairneedscutting.Thefloorrequireswashing.,tobemended.,tobecut.,tobewashed.,【考例】,LetshavearestNotnowIdontwanttostop_yet（MET1985）A.studyB.tostudyC.forstudyingD.studying,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.LearningEnglishisveryinteresting.学习英语非常有趣。2.Smokingmaycausecancer.吸烟会致癌。,Exercise1,Itistimeforpracticing!,3.Canyouimaginelivingaloneonanisland?你能想象单独生活在一个岛上么？4.Isuggestbringingthemeetingtoanend.我建议结束会议。,5.Headmittedtakingthemoney.他承认钱是他拿的。6.Itisworthwhilespendingmuchmoneyoneducation.在教育上多花钱是值得的。,.,40,Group1,Group2,Letshaveacompetion,Exercise2,.,41,1.InsomepartsofLondon，missingabusmeans_foranotherhourA.waitingBtowaitCwaitDtobewaiting,Group1,.,42,2Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_themAcorrectBcorrectingCcorrectDtocorrect3Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto_someschoolsforpoorchildrenAsetupBsettingupChavesetupDhavingsetup,.,43,4YouwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeetingWell,nowIregret_thatAtodoBtobedoingCtohavedoneDdoing,.,44,5.Keepon_andyouwillsucceed.A.atryB.tryC.triedD.trying,.,45,6.Ittooktheworkmenonlytwohourstofinish_mycar.A.repairingB.repairC.torepairD.repaired,.,46,1.Thoughitsoundsabittooexpensive,itisworth_.A.beingboughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buyingit,Group2,.,47,2.Haveyouforgotten_$1000frommelastmonth?Willyoupleaseremember_ittomorrow?A.borrowing;tobringB.toborrow;bringC.borrowed;bringingD.borrowing;bringing,3.Oncetheheartstops_,deathfollowsatonce.beatingB.tobeatC.beingbeatenD.tobebeating4.Jacksaidthathewouldntmind_forus.A.towaitB.waitC.waitingD.waited,5.Wearenowbusy_fortheexamination.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.beingprepared,三.v-ing形式作表语-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的内容、身份、性质或情况。如：Herhobbyispainting.Myjobislookingafterthechildren.Hisconcernforhismotherismostmoving.Frankisverygoodattellingfunnyjokes.Hecanbeveryamusing.,动词ing作表语与进行时态的区别：动词-ing形式可用在系动词后面作表语，说明主语的性质或情况，多表示一般性的或抽象的行为而进行时态表示主语正在做什么（动作在进行）。试比较：Mikeislisteningtomusic.迈克正在听音乐。(当前正在进行的动作)Mikesfavoritehobbyislisteningtomusic.迈克最大的爱好是听音乐。(说明主语的情况)Teachersjobisteaching.Theteacheristeachingtheboyhistory.,四.-ing形式作宾语补足语1.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作。如：Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.当我们回到学校时,发现一个陌生人站在大门口。,Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.Thebosskeptthemworking14hoursaday.Welistentothebirdssinginginthetree.Ididntnoticehimwaitingforattheschoolgate.,2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有lookat,see,listento，hear,feel,find,notice,observe等。如：Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.,Canyousmellanythingburning?Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.2)表示让，使意义的动词，常见的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：,Iwonthaveyoudoingitlikethat.Thissetmethinkingofmychildhood.Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Icantgettheclockstoppingagain.Youwontcatchmedoingthatagain.你看吧，我决不会做那种事了,3.see,hear,feel,watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示（或强调）动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:Isawtheteachergototheoffice.Isawtheteachergoingtotheoffice.WehearhersinganEnglishsong.WehearhersinginganEnglishsong.,能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可以将它们记住：hear，listento，make，let，have，lookat，see，watch，observe，notice，find,feel。对了，用“两听、三让、四看、注意找到感觉”。多简单！,五、-ing形式作定语1.单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如：buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater=waterfordrinking饮用水,awalkingstick=astickforwalking拐杖areadingroom=aroomforreading阅览室adevelopingcountryacountrywhichisdevelopingasleepingboyaboywhoissleepingadancinggirl=agirlwhoisdancing.,2.-ing形式短语作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：,Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.ThemanstandingthereisPetersfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPetersfather.,3.-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。,六.The-ingform作状语,-ing形式作状语：-ing短语在句子中可作状语，来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。-ing短语作状语一般表示一个次要的动作，一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。,Hearingthebadnews,theycouldnthelpcrying.=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldnthelpcrying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。Havingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.确收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。,1.作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语，可以与when,after等引导的时间状语从句互换-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：,（2)作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语，可以because，since，as等引导的原因状语从句互换且置于句首。Beingsoangry,hecouldntgotosleep.=Becausehewassoangry,hecouldntgotosleep.Notknowingwhattodonext,heturnedtotheteacherforhelp.=Becausehedidntknowwhattodonext,heturnedtotheteacherforhelp.HavingbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidntgolastweek.=Because(As)hehadbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidntgolastweek.,(3)作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末可以与if,unless等引导的条件状语从句互换。如：.Workinghard,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Beinggivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.=Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.,（4）作让步状语-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如：.Thoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidntgetenoughfood.=Althoughhisfatherworkedfrommorningtillnight,hedidntgetenoughfood.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。,(5)作伴随状语表示两个动作同时发生（stand,sit,lie),置于句首或句末。如：.Westoodtheretalkingtoeachother.Thepoormansatbytheroad,begging.Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。,(6)作方式状语表示动作的方式：.Americansliketravelling,drivingtheircars.Theyoftencommunicatewitheachother,usingEnglish.(7)作结果状语表示动作的结果,常置于句末可以与sothat，asaresult等引导的结果状语从句互换。如：.Bothhisparentsdiedinthewar,leavinghimaloneintheworld.Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlythebones.*Hewenttothetrainstationinhaste,_(（find)thetrainhadleft.,onlytofind,“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：Hishairbecamegreywiththeyearspassing.随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。,分词作状语1明概念要明确现在分词和过去分词的基本表示意思：现在分词表示主动和正在进行的意思，过去分词表示被动和完成的意思。2找逻辑要找到分词和句子主语之间的逻辑关系，根据二者的具体逻辑关系来选择相应的分词：如是主动关系则用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分词。如果分词和句子主语间没有逻辑关系则要在分词前加上其相应的独立主格。,3定时态要辨别分词与句子谓语动词之间的动作先后关系，从而采取不同的分词形式：二者同时发生则用分词的一般式；分词动作发生在谓语动词前，则用完成式即havingdone的形式；正在被动用beingdone的形式，完成被动用：havingbeendone的形式；4认否定分词作状语的否定形式是在分词前加not。,Whenworkinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.=Whenheworkedinthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.,注意：1.-ing短语与when,while,though,until,if等连词连用时，相当于这些连引导的一个从句。如：,Thoughwillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.=Thoughhewaswillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.Ifplayingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.,注意：2.ing形式的做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语相同；如果不相同，分词前必须加上自己的主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。.Iftimepermits,Iwillstayforanotherweek._,Iwillstayforanotherweek.,Timepermitting,注意：3.ing形式作独立成分，表示说话人的态度，或看问题的角度。.Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreactivethangirlsinsport.Judgingfromhisappearance,hemustbeaveryhealthyboy.Speakingofschool,howwasyourexamination?.Consideringhishardwork,hegotaratherpoormarkintheMathtest.,这些分词短语做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，不受句子主语的限制。常见的分词短语有：generally(frankly,honestly)speaking,supposing(假设),judgingfrom(从判断),talkingof（谈到),speakingof（谈到）等。Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.Supposingyoulose,whatwillyoudo?Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustbefromthenorth.Talkingoftravel,haveyoueverbeentoBeijing?,1.a.Hearingthenews,tearsrandownherface.b.Hearingthenews,shecriedoutsadly.2.a.Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.b.Enteringtheclassroom,nobodywasfoundinit.,Choosethecorrectsentence.,3.a.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.b.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.4.a.Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.b.Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking.,5.a.Beingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.b.Itbeingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.,-ing形式的否定式为在其前面加not。如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.,1.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus_thedelay.A.tocauseB.causingC.causedD.cause2.OnebyonePetersoldhisbitsandpieces,_onlyamiteoftheirworth.A.gettingB.gotC.togetD.get,Exercise,3.Afterseeingthemovie,_.A.thebookwasreadbyhimB.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditC.hewantedtoreadthebookD.thereadingofthebookinterestedhim,4.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying5.Therewasterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed,6.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing,7.“Cantyouread?”Marysaid_tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing,8.Heworkeddayandnight,_histaskaheadoftime.A.finishedB.finishingC.finishD.tofinish9.Iwasinthebathroom,not_theknockatthedoor.A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard,10._areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived,11.Whatworriedtheboymostwas_tovisithisfatherinthehospital.A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.havingnotbeenallowedD.hisbeingnotallowed,12.Theyapologizedfor_toattendthemeeting.A.theirnotbeingableB.theirbeingnotableC.themnotableD.thembeingablenot,QuizI:Multiplechoice,_thatshewasgoingofftosleep,Iaskedifshedlikethatlittledollonherbed.(08北京)SeeingB.ToseeC.SeeD.Seen2.Wehadananxiouscoupleofweeks_fortheresultsoftheexperiment.(08四川)waitB.tobewaitingC.waitedD.waiting,3.Ifwehaveillegalimmigrants_in,manylocalworkerswilllosetheirjobs.(08上海春)cameB.comingC.tocomeD.havingcome4.Mysister,aninexperiencedrider,wasfoundsittingonthebicycle_tobalanceit.(08上海)havingtriedB.tryingC.totryD.tried,5._theirhatsintotheair,thefansofthewinningteamletoutloudshoutsofvictory.(08天津)TothrowB.ThrownC.Throwing