大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导分析解析PPT课件

.,1,吕晓军,大学英语四级长篇阅读部分,吕晓军,.,2,一、试卷描述四级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：,.,3,基本考试流程,9：00-9：10播放考场指令9：10-9:40作文（30分钟）9：40-10：10听力（30分钟）10:10-听力结束后完成剩余考项。（70分钟）,.,4,长篇阅读,Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.分析：字数未变，题型由选择和填空改为匹配类型。10个题目与X个段落。段落数与题目数不一定相等，所以可能几个题目来自于同一段落，也可能有的段落用不着。10个题目往往不是原文，而是对段落大意的概括或者是对某一句话的paraphrase。题目顺序与文章段落顺序并不绝对一致。以往题型重在细节定位，偏向微观；如今题型重在把握大意，偏向宏观。选择题改为匹配题，减少了单个题目的迷惑性，增加了对文章整体理解的要求。难点不在选项，而在文章本身。,.,5,长篇阅读,考察能力：要求考生运用略读和查读(寻读)的技能从篇章中获取信息。略读考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力。查读(寻读)考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大字单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。区别：略读往往不能定位到句子,解决宏观问题；寻读往往要定位到句子，解决微观问题；略读难度要稍高于寻读。平均词汇：1000平均阅读速度:100词/分10秒/句（实验）测验AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,whollbecomeOxfordsvice-chancellorapositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.HamiltonisnttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,itsgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisntuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdonttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversitysbudget.“Wedidntdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboardschair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYalesfinancialposition.”Ofcourse,fund-raisingisnttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindofpromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.,.,34,议论文：开门见山提出论点，多用人称代词，态度多为否定，风格幽默辛辣讽刺，多用感情色彩强烈的词语。说明文：开门见山说明主题，几乎不用人称代词，论点引用他人，风格郑重严谨，较少使用带有感情色彩词语。区别维度：内容层面theycanhelp_56_propertyownersfromrisingpowercosts.A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)doubtfulD)exceptionsE)expandF)historicG)incrediblyH)poweringI)protectJ)reducedK)replaceL)senseM)shiftedN)supplyingO)vast,.,52,47.Gincredibly48.Kreplace49.Jreduced50.Lsense51.Hpowering52.Dexceptions53.Eexpand54.Ovast55.Fhistoric56.Iprotect,.,53,47.N)challenges48.A)stable49.E)progress50.O)certainly51.D)role52.M)combined53.C)significant54.G)included55.K)comprise56.B)solutions,47.N)tend48.L)negative49.H)efficiently50.B)associated51.A)alert52.J)function53.F)definitely54.O)younger55.E)continuing56.G)different,47.Mraised48.Fdisplayed49.Econtributions50.Aabilities51.Bachieve52.Nsmart53.Kproceeds54.Jindicates55.Gessentially56.Heventually,47.Gincredibly48.Kreplace49.Jreduced50.Lsense51.Hpowering52.Dexceptions53.Eexpand54.Ovast55.Fhistoric56.Iprotect,选项分析,Adv:2-1Adj:3-2V:4-3N:6-4,Adv:1-1Adj:4+4-3V:3+4-3N:3+2-3,.,54,仔细阅读字数350左右*2题目：5个选择*2分值：20%时间：x10mins*2分值计算（主要得分题型）,.,55,仔细阅读与快速阅读的区别及解题总原则,1.快速阅读的基本策略技巧仍然适用：关键词定位，题目顺序与文章基本一致。2.快速阅读主要考察信息定位能力，原文复现或是同义替换；仔细阅读考察对细节的理解推理能力，几乎没有原文再现。3.快速阅读文章很长，定位较难，但是选项容易辨别；仔细阅读文章较短，定位容易，但是选项复杂，需要认真比对原文内容。4.快速阅读选项出现的位置比较集中（在某一句话内）；仔细阅读虽然容易定位，但是却需要联系前后文进行判断。5.关键词定位（不是难点）对比原文与选项（难点所在）,.,56,阅读题型框架,1.文章2.问题3.选项,1.题材；体裁：议论文表转折,因果关系处;观点态度处;引言处,特殊标点处(如引号,破折号),特殊句式(如强调句,倒装句,虚拟语气);对比,比较处;并列,列举,举例处;指示代词处.,.,64,五大题型及解题方法,主旨题-mainidea,besttitle,beentitled,summarize(用略读方法快速查看段首，段尾)细节题-吃透原文，仔细推敲推断题-learn,infer,whatcanweknow（不是原文的字面复述）态度题-believe,thinkof，attitude（是作者的观点，而不是读者的）词汇语义题-“x”means“y”（原文会提供线索）,.,65,主旨大意类,常见提问方式：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainly/primarilydiscuss?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Theauthorismainlyconcernedabout_?ThemainpointofWhichisthebesttitleforthepassage?ThethemeofthepassageisThepurposeofthewriterinwritingthispassageisthatTheauthorsattitudeisWhichcanbestsummarizethepassage?位置：第一题或者最后一题,.,66,解题策略,如果是第一题，放到最后解答。定位主题句:简洁概括、语意完整、观点明确选项特征分析：同义复述是答案，关键词替换是答案，肯否转换是答案，客观积极是答案；照抄原文不是答案，概括过宽不是答案，以偏概全不是答案，主观消极不是答案。,.,67,如何定位主题句(插入语),主题句就是文章的中心思想，它对于文章的理解，把握以及正确答题都至关重要。规律：每篇文章都会有一个中心思想。如何定位：段落-论题-中心思想1.段首、段尾、段中及无主题句2.转折词后面3.因果关系4.例证前后5.长难句,.,68,位于段尾/转折词,Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.But,infact,theoppositeistrue:moreoftenthannot,thingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.,.,69,因果关系词,连词：because,since,as,for,why副词：therefore,thus,consequently名词：basis,result,consequence,reason词组：resultin,resultfrom,becauseof,dueto,.,70,例子,Thatchingisasolitarycraft,whichoftenrunsinfamilies.ThecraftofthatchingasitispracticedtodayhaschangedverylittlesincetheMiddleAges.Over800full-timethatchesareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.Manypropertyownerschoosethatchnotonlyforitsbeautybutbecausetheyknowitwillkeepthemcoolinsummerandwarminwinter.Thatchedhousesarestillpreferredbecauseof_A.theirdurabilityB.theireasymaintenanceC.theircheapandready-madematerialsD.theirstyleandcomfort,.,71,例证前后,Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?Theauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”toshowtheimportanceof_.A.increasingusageamongstudentsB.exploringnewmarketsectionsC.pleasingtheyoungaswellastheoldD.servingbothmilitaryandcivilneeds,.,72,主旨题,Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.InLondon，forexample，someEnglishmendipmustardintotheircoffee，whileinDenver，aPersonmightaddadashofketchup.StripsoforangeandlemonPeel，clovesandcinnamonsticksarenotunusualadditionstothebrewinEurope.AnAsiandelightconsistsofcoffeebrewedinboilingsugar.PerhapstherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIrelandwherewhiskeyandwhippedcreamareimportantingredients.InAustraliaawaitresswillask，“Doyouwantblackorwhite？”Blackisplainblackcoffee，butwhiteishalfcoffeeandhalfwarmmilk.IfanAustralianordersicedcoffee，hewillbeservedacupofsteamingcoffeewithascoopoficecream.ItsoundsliketheAustralianversionofa“snowballinhell.”1.Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainidea？a.TherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIreland.b.Asiansenjoyasweetcupofcoffee.c.Coffeeisenjoyedinavarietyofways.d.Australianshaveanunusualsenseofhumor.2.Theparagraphcouldbeentitleda.SomeLikeItHot.b.CoffeeAroundtheWorld.c.OrientalDelights.d.ASnowballinHell.,.,73,事实细节类,常见提问方式：Accordingtothepassage,when(where,how,)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueAllofthefollowingaretrueexceptWhichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?ThereasonforisTheauthorstatesthat,.,74,解题策略,快速阅读技巧：看题干，确定考点，返回原文，对比选项与原文选项特征：一般是原文的同义替换或近义表达，题干+正确选项=原文的某句话注意事项：紧扣原文内容，切忌通过自己对某类知识的了解做出主观判断，也就是说，必须是原文的观点。,.,75,PeoplelivingonparsofthesouthcoastofEnglandfaceaseriousproblem.In1993,theownersofalargehotelandofseveralhousesdiscovered,totheirhorror,thattheirgardenshaddisappearedovernight.Theseahadeatenintothesoftlimestonecliffsonwhichtheyhadbeenbuilt.Whileexpertswerestudyingtheproblems,thehotelandseveralhousesdisappearedaltogether,slidingdownthecliffandintothesea.Erosion(侵蚀)ofthewhitecliffsalongthesouthcoastofEnglandhasalwaysbeenaproblembutithasbecomemoreseriousinrecentyears.Dozensofhomehavehadtobeabandonedastheseahascreptfartherandfartherinland.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungryseaWhatisthecauseoftheproblemthatpeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandface?A.Thedisappearanceofhotels,housesandgardensB.TheexpertslackofknowledgeC.TherisingofthesealevelD.Thewash-awayoflimestonecliffs,.,76,WetendtothinkoftheDepressionasatimewhenfamiliespulledtogethertosurvivehugejoblosses.By1932.whennearlyone-quarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed,thedivorceratehaddeclinedbyaround25%from1929.Butthisdoesntmeanpeopleweresuddenlyhappierwiththeirmarriages.Rather,withincomesdecreasingandinsecurejobs,unhappycouplesoftencouldntaffordtodivorce.Theyfearedneitherspousecouldmanagealone.58.IntheGreatDepressionmanyunhappycoupleschosetosticktogetherbecauseA)startinganewfamilywouldbehardB)theyexpectedthingswouldturnbetterC)theywantedtobetterprotecttheirkidsD)livingseparatelywouldbetoocostly,.,77,推理判断类,既可以针对主旨题，也可以针对细节题常见提问方式：ItcanbeinferredformthepassagethatThewriterimpliesthatAccordingtothepassage,ItcanbeconcludedthatTheauthorstronglysuggeststhatTheauthorindicatesthatWecanlearnfromthepassagethatThepassageisintendedto,.,78,解题策略,1.以原文为依据：虽然答案在原文中不会直接找到，但是仍然需要综合考虑原文。2.一步推理：四级考试要求读者能够根据所读材料进行初步的判断和推理，因此，四级考试中的推理判断题是能根据原文信息直接推导出来的，防止过度推理。3.选项特征：A-B-C,.,79,Oftenpeoplewhoholdhigherpositionsinagivengroupoverestimatetheirperformance,whilepeopleinthelowestlevelsofthegroupunderestimatetheirs.Whilethismaynotalwaysbetrue,itdoesindicatethatoftentheactualpositioninthegrouphasmuchtodowiththefeelingofpersonalconfidenceapersonmayhave.Thus,ifamemberholdsahighpositioninagrouporifhefeelsthathehasanimportantparttoplayinthegroup,hewillprobablyhavemoreconfidenceinhisownperformance.A.Ifapersonhasconfidenceinhisownperformance,hewillachieveahighpositioninagroup.B.Ifweletsomeoneknowheisanimportantpartofagroup,hewillprobablybecomemoreself-confident.C.Peoplewhoholdlowpositionsinagroupoftenoverestimatetheirperformance.D.Peopleinpositionsofpowerinagroupmayfeeltheydobetterworkthantheyreallydo.E.Peoplewithhigherpositionsinagroupdobetterworkthanothergroupmembers.,.,80,词汇理解题,常见提问方式：Accordingtotheauthor,theword“”meansWhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtoTheterm“”inparagraphcanbebestreplacedbyWhatsthemeaningof“”inlineAsusedinlinetheword“”referstoTheword/phrasestandsforBysayingtheauthormeans,.,81,解题策略,1.重视语境：上下文中的同义表达、近义表达、反义表达、定义性表达、解释举例表达等等。同义近义关系：namely，inotherwords,thismeans,justas,also,similarly,likewise,correspondingly,accordingly反义关系：but,however,although,though,while,whereas,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,onthecontrary等等。举例说明关系：thatis,forinstance,suchas,tospecify等等。2.分析构词法：词汇题较少考察此方面3.选项特征：熟词新义4.词汇量充足,.,82,2000.6Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalyzethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12meters.Theresearchershowstheoptimumdistanceisabout20meters.Theword“officials”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto_.A.theresearchersinvolvedintheexperimentB.theinspectorsofthefootballtournamentC.TherefereesofthefootballtournamentD.theobserversatthesiteoftheexperiment,.,83,如何猜测词义,A.单词构词1)根据词根来猜测词义Antidisestablishmentarianism2)根据词缀猜测词义Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.3)根据复合词的各部分猜测词义Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.,.,84,B.针对性解释:在文章中，作者有时为了更好地阐述思想，对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或其他词汇做一些针对性的解释，形式有定义、复述、举例等。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，把该单词含义与其他含义区分开来，利用它们我们可以比较容易地猜测词义。,.,85,1)根据定义猜测词义作者一般在生词之前后之后紧挨着生词给出定义内容。有时有标点符号，连字符或逗号提示。此外，如果定义内容为句子，谓语动词多为：be,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,beknownas,constitute,dealwith,define,mean,referto,represent,signify等。例如：Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofpeople,societyandculture.由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。,.,86,2)根据复述猜测词义复述也是对某一单词所做的针对性解释，虽然不像定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息也能使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可能是单词、短语或者从句，一般作为生词的同位语，与生词间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。例如：Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。定语从句KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder和同位语asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings,我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。,.,87,3)根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。如：Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。,.,88,4)根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是although,but,despite,however,not,unlike,inspiteof,incontrast和while引导的并列句等。例如：AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语incontrast，(相对照的，相对比的)可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humbleandmodest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义“熟练的”。,.,89,5)根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。例如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,justas,also等。,.,90,6)根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.此句为结果状语从句。根据从句的描书“许多示威者”我们便可推知elbow的词义为“挤，挤过”。,.,91,7)根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：JustbeforetheexamCarlshandsshookandsweatedsomuchthathecouldnotholdapen.Hisheartbeatfastandhisstomachached,eventhoughheknewthesubjectverywell.Hereallyhadastrangephobiaabouttakingtest.有些学生也曾有上文中所表述的考试时是紧张状态，所以很容易就能猜出“phobia”指“恐惧症”。,.,92,3.外部相关知识Husband：itsreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.Howaboutlightingthefurnace?Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.,.,93,态度题,1.作者对某人/事物的观点或态度;3.文中人物的观点或态度;4.文中例子所支持的观点;,.,94,提问方式：,WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardWhatdoestheauthorbelieve/thinkof,.,95,态度题做题原则一、干扰选项：过正，过负，过主观，不是作者本人的观点和立场二、如果两个同感情色彩，则同错,.,96,1.常见错误选项特征2.选项的长短3.选项的表达4.选项之间的异同5.选项中所含的特殊词语,插入语：关于选项的一些特征（纯粹技巧）,.,97,干扰项（错误选项）,1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。4.不符信息：与原文所给信息不符或者无法根据原文信息判断真伪,.,98,阅读理解正确选项特征,1.答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。2.选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案。（10.06，63,65,66）3.选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义替换的一般是答案。4.较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案。5.选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案。,阅读理解正确选项特征,1.答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。2.选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案。（10.06，63,65,66）3.选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义替换的一般是答案。4.较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案。5.选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案。,.,99,2010.6四级真题Passage2（细节题）63.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.,.,100,2010.6四级真题Passage265.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?A)Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.B)Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoonesmood.C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.D)Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.,.,101,2010.6四级真题Passage266.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.,.,102,2012考研真题Passage230.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAEntergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.BtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.CEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.DVermontsreputationmightbedamaged.,.,103,2012考研真题Passage229.Intheauthorsview,theVermontcasewilltestAEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromises.Bthematureofstatespatchworkregulations.Cthefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.Dthelimitsofstatespowerovernuclearissues.,.,104,2012考研真题Passage439.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsAoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.Bcanchangepeoplespoliticalattitudes.Cmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.Daredominantinthegovernment.,.,105,长难句的特点：1.主语太长，且在前倒金字塔句英语的句子大都排列成金字塔形，尽量避开头重脚轻。如果句子的主语比谓语长许多，可用各种修辞手段变成主谓语两头基本平衡。阅读理解短文中大多数也是这种句子。但是，也有相当一部分长句子不是这样，而是头顶一个长长的主语，其后的谓语又短又小。形成一个倒金字塔句。如：Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.,长难句,.,106,2.句首一个长状语状语通常放在句末或句中，在句首出现一个长长的状语较少见，但考试短文中不时地出现，应予注意。Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.3.附带成分的延伸句子短时，可能一个单词就是一个句子成分。但是，在长句中，某一个简单的句子成分有可能附带很长的修饰成分。InAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.,.,107,4.句中句，成分套成分我们平常学习和常见到的大都是一些简单句、并列句、复合句，然而，语言的多变性使得句子结构并不都那么简单明了。句中套句子，一种句子成分又套其它成分的现象时常出现在阅读理解短文之中。不管句子结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，我们只要把握住句子结构的主脉络，就可理出头绪，找到思路。Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursetokeepsilent.,.,108,5.主谓被隔离主语和谓语之间出现一个较长的隔离成分时，往往会给我们阅读理解造成困难。主谓之间被隔离大体上有两种情况：A，被定语隔离（定语从句、形容词短语、分词、不定式）；B，被状语成分隔离（状语从句、介词短语等）。主谓语被隔离虽然在阅读理解上给我们带来困难，但是我们了解了这种现象后也可变成好事，即隔离的定语是对主语的进一步解