英语专业八级考试汉译英常见问题解析

英语专业八级考试汉译英常见问题解析考题标准 “衡量汉译英考题优劣的标准，应该是看语篇是否能在翻译实践中较集中地反映汉英语言包括语义、句法、语用、修辞等在内的各个层面的差异”。 （邵志洪）理解方面的问题 习语（包括俗语）的理解错误 断句的错误 词组间关系的判定错误 逻辑隐含关系的理解错误 临时意义的理解错误 词的隐含意义的理解错误 缺乏语体差别的敏感性 背景知识的欠缺 政治意识的缺乏习语的理解错误 寒暄：coldly talk for a while（误） 叶公好龙： “too much addicted is something”; “One does not mean what he says”（误） 本世纪上半叶：the half page of this century（误）断句的错误 汉语是意合的语言，形态机制不发达，汉语句子在断句问题上并不严格，因此，对句子停顿的意识很多情况下完全取决于读者的语感。学生对此认识不足，不敢果断断句。 汉语功底欠缺、语感薄弱 “世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史” The worlds first generation museums are museums of natural history. They introduce to the people with fossils and specimens the evolution of the earth and various living organisms on it. 词组间关系的判定错误 “科学知识” 和 “科学技术”误: science and knowledge scientific technology正: scientific knowledge science and technology背景知识的欠缺 “奥斯丁” ： “我的导师是亚裔人” 误： “My tutor is an Asian.” 正：“My tutor is an Asian American.” “除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生” 正：“except one of German origin, the rest five were of Asian origin.” “现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚裔人。25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用”。 “Of the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half are not native, and one in every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese Canadians, half of which immigrated here only within the recent five years, have been playing a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver.” 周总理： 正：Premier Zhou Enlai 误：Minister Chou; Minister Zhu; Primary Zhou; President Zhou; Prime Minister Zhou 丝绸之路： 正： the Silk Road 误： silk-road; silk-way; Road of Silk; Si Chou road政治意识的缺乏 正确的译法： 振兴：“revitalization”or “rejuvenation” 统一: “reunification” 个体户：self-employed 国营企业: state-run enterprises 逻辑隐含关系的理解 “改变人们对重要和不重要的看法： 误: change peoples opinion on “importance” and “unimportance” 正: change peoples opinions on what is important and what is not. “(谈论的一个重要话题就是）中华民族在21世纪的强盛”误: Chinese peoples powerful and strong future in the 21st century正: how to build a more powerful and prosperous China in the coming 21st century “多民族的贡献”误: multi-national contributions正: contributions made by a variety of other ethnic groups临时意义的理解 “二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强”误: reluctant正: It would be embarrassing (unnatural)for them to give their visiting cards before they speak to each other. 表达方面的错误 拼写 时态、性、数、词性 逻辑错误 虚拟语气 重要句型 代词与冠词 词与词的搭配 同义词辨析 不规则变位词的拼写 动词的连续关系 风格不对应 拼写和用词上美式英语与英式英语的混用 用词不精简、有不必要的重复拼写错误 英语的拼写规则有一定规律，但例外很多，必须勤查字典。 Expect -espect Ethnic - ethics Unprecedented - unpresidentally Shanghai - Shang Hai Tokyo -tokey; Tokoy: Tokoyo Ridiculous - rediculous Intelligence - intelegence 马可波罗：正：Marco Polo误：Mocarole; Macobora; Mako Polo; Macpolo; Make Boluo; Machpolo; Mocbole; Marc Polo; Mark Polo; Mark Poe; Mark Porlor; Macborel 时态、性、数、词性 汉语的时间概念是隐含的或是主要通过词汇手段来表达的，译者必须结合上下文正确判断时态，尤其是对于那些现在与过去交融，叙述、描写与抒情混杂的片段，译者更应该谨慎判断其时态。 汉语的词性概念很微弱，同一个词在不同的上下文中可以具有不同的词性。 Hard work - hard working 汉语的性、数概念在词法和句法上也缺乏形态特征，因而在翻译成英语时，译者要特别根据汉语的上下文在英语的形式上补充性与数的概念。 e.g. 主语和谓语动词在人称和数上的一 致英语名词数的概念 人：正：a human being; human beings 误：(human being; very people; all person) 牛（总称）：cattle (cattles误) 奶: milk (milks误) 传说: folklore (folklores误)可数名词与不可数名词 Cake 可数 - bread 不可数 可数 ： “家具”、“信息”、“消息”、“知识”、“建议”、“纸张”、“设施” 不可数：furniture, information, news, knowledge, advice,paper; equipment逻辑错误、逻辑不清 “温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中也包括多民族的贡献” The glory of Vancouver is the result of the wisdom and diligence of the people of Vancouver, including the contributions of many ethnic groups. (illogical)误 The prosperity (splendor)of Vancouver is the fruit of the wisdom and diligence of its people, including many of its ethnic groups who have contributed their shares to the prosperity. “不同的只是时间长短而已”误: the only difference is the length of time. （逻辑不清，应增加必要的逻辑补衬）正: different from each other only in the length of time they have settled there. “他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识”误: He appreciated the diligence and solid fundamental knowledge of the Asian students. 正: He highly appreciated Asian students for their diligence and firm grounding in science. 语言是约定俗成的，就象汉语中的“救火”、“吃食堂”、“恢复疲劳”等词汇不能按照英语的逻辑来解释一样，以上这些最容易犯错误的不可数名词也不能用汉语的逻辑来思考。虚拟语气 在表示要求、建议、命令等的动词如decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer,propose,recommend,request, require,suggest,vote引起的宾语从句和主语从句后, 以及decision,decree,demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution 等名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句后 在表示必要、重要、可行性的形容词如advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper 等引起的主语从句后 连词lest等后构成的(should+)动词原形式虚拟式 由wish, would rather引导的宾语从句后、连词if only, as if(感官动词后除外）、It is/was (high) time that 句型等形成的过去式或过去完成式虚拟式等。重要句型 Not only but also句型误The Chinese nation is not only known for being hardworking and diligent in the world, but also is a nation loving freedom. There be 句型误1. There is a big cave in Ludi Grotto have the capacity of 1000 people 2. There has been a number of national heroes 倒装句误Only when they find each other agreeable and wish to keep contacts later, they will offer their calling cards. Although, Because 引导的让步、原因状语从句中，在主句前加上but, thus, therefore, so 等词 分词作状语时（独立主格结构除外），其逻辑主语应该跟主句的主语一致（否则会形成dangling modifier).误 If not handling well, the “car” will just make circular movements in an area of about a dozen meters. 冠词的使用 大自然： nature (误the nature ) 不变的方式: in the same way (误in a same way) 去教堂做礼拜: go to church 误go to the church 拉琴: play the violin (误play violin)词与词的搭配 优秀传统：fine tradition (误advanced tradition) 走向繁荣富强： 误：Become stronger and richer 过分口语 化，语体失误 正：become more and more powerful and prosperous 同义词、近义词、近形词辨析 不同程度、搭配、感情色彩、语体色彩 Past ; passed People; nation; nationality; ethnic group; country; state Despite; in spite of Take; bring; fetch Except;except for; besides Soil; earth; field; land; territory Person; people; population Boat; ship Carriage; car Brevity is the soul of wit. 简洁是语言的生命 现在分词Version One: When he looked out of the window, he saw the students playing games on the sports ground.Version Two: Looking out of the window, he saw the students playing games on the sports ground. 过去分词Version One: I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.Version Two: I hate to see letters written in pencil. 不定式Version One: The bottle is so small that it cant hold so much water. Version Two: The bottle is too small to hold so much water. 独立主格结构Version One: As the gentle breeze passes, the wheat produces rolls after rolls of waves. Version Two: The gentle breeze passing, the wheat produces rolls after rolls of waves. 用介词代替从句Version One: If they had free time and no TV, they might rediscover reading.Version Two: With free time and no TV, they might rediscover reading. 用单词代替更大的语言单位Version One: I doubt whether these fish are really fit to be eaten. Version Two: I doubt whether these fish are eatable. 省略Version One: What will be the result if they do not come?Version Two: What if they do not come?不必要的重复 To accelerate the pace of economic reform; Its red in color; There have been good harvest in agriculture; Promoting the cause of peaceful reunification Until China realizes industrial modernization少使用have,make,give等动词和动作化名词的搭配 To have a dislike for (to dislike) To give guidance to (to guide) To lay stress on (to stress) Our troops used the method of slow advance (Our troops advanced slowly)克服汉语结构的束缚 实际情况: true fact - fact 首先开始: first begin - begin 完全灭绝: total extinction - extinction 现代化建设: construction of modernization - modernization比较级和最高级 英语中某些形容词和副词本身已经包含了比较的意义，因此不能附加词缀构成比较级和最高级，如favorite, superior, excellent, perfect, inferior,complete, thorough, absolute 另外有些形容词或副词不能分级，通常情况下不可能有比较级和最高级变化，如dead, available, alive, round,square,etc. 在Comparatively和relatively 这样的词后面，不能用形容词或副词的比较级。逐字死译，生硬拗口 “但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小”误: Whether a novel is dug deep or not or whether it surpasses in art and idea does not lie in the size/the big or small of the subject.误正: However, su