2013年职称英语等级考试用书(理工类A.B.C)阅读理解.docx

2013年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）阅读理解部分注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B级文章；其他为C级文章；阅读下面的短文。每篇短文的后面有 5个问题，每个问题有 4个备选答案。请根据短文的内容选择正确的答案。第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles The Ford motor companys1 abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say. General Motors2 and Honda3 ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell4 and hybrid electric gasoline engines5, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same. Three years ago, the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK or Think Neighhor6. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1,700 carts have been sold so far in 2002. “The bottom line7 is we dont believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market,” Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. “We feel we have given electric our best shot8.” The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles. The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota9 RAV4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan10 are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles. “There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program11, and that is what we will be judging them on,” Roger Higman, a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service. Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines12 on vehicle emissions13 in the US. However t it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler14 won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles. 词汇: hybrid / 5haibrid/n.杂种，混合物 adj.杂种 injunction / in5dVQNkFEn/n.命令；指令mileage / 5maIlIdV/n.英里数，英里里程 注释: 1. The Ford motor company:福特汽车公司。 Henry Ford (1863-1947)美国汽车制造商，他改进了以汽油为燃料的汽车，成立了福特汽车公司 (1903年)，并大量生产昀早的大众负担得起且广泛使用的 T型车。 2. General Motors:美国通用汽车公司 3. Honda:日本本田汽车公司4. fuel cell:燃料电池，一种化学电池。 5. hybrid electric gasoline engines:电池和内燃机混杂使用的发动机，使用这种发动机的汽车被称为 : Hybrid electric vehicles，或 HEVs。 6. the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor:福特汽车公司计划在公司内开发一种全新的品牌，建立了 Think Group.该研究机构分为两部分 : Think Mobility和 Think Technologies。Think Mobility开发 the Think City (一种电动汽车 )，Think Neighbor (一种高尔夫车 )，以及 Think Bike (一种电动自行车 )。Think Technologies开发燃料电池技术。 7. The bottom line is:在此的意思是“ the main or essential point”，即“关键之处是，实质问题是”。 8. shot: an attempt, a try (尝试)。 9. Toyota:日本丰田汽车公司 10. Nissan:日本日产汽车公司 11. hybrid program:指上文提到的电池和内燃机混杂使用的新型汽车开发项目。 12. guideline:指导方针，规定 13. vehicle emissions:车辆排放物 14. Daintier Chrysler:戴姆勒克莱斯勒汽车公司。德国戴姆勒奔驰公司集团与克莱斯勒汽车公司合并。练习: 1. What have the Ford motor company, General Motors and Honda done concerning electric cars? A They have started to produce electric cars. B They have done extensive research on electric cars. C They have given up producing electric cars. D They have produced thousands of electric cars. 2. According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe, battery-powered cars A will be the main transportation vehicles in the future. B will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future. C will be good to the environment in the future. D will replace petrol-powered vehicles in the future. 3. Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles? A Toyota and Nissan. B General Motors and Honda. C Ford and Toyota. D Honda and Toyata. 4. According to the eighth paragraph, hybrid cars A offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars. B run faster than petrol driven cars. C run more miles than petrol driven cars. D offer more batteries than petrol driven cars. 5. Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? A Low-emission cars should be banned. B Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways. C The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars. D The legislation will allow more low-emission to be produced.答案与题解 : 1. C 第一段第一个句子告诉我们福特汽车公司放弃了电动汽年，第二段说通运汽年公司和本田汽车公司停止生产电动汽车。 2. B 第四段第一个句子是 Tim Holmes对电动汽车未来的评价，他认为未来的交通运输的大众市场不可能是电动汽车。 3. A 答案的依据是第六段昀后一句。 4. C答案的依据是倒数第二段第二句。 5. D 答案的依据是文意的昀后一句 : the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more lowemission. rather than zero-emission, vehicles。第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v 保护，保存crude oil原油spark v闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n曲线irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1ACS Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家MKing Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4that of peak oil：that指代concept。5account for：说明，解释6conventional crude oil：常规原油7oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。练习：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?Aflashed Bstimulated Cchanged Dended2The term a bell shaped curve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growing Ckeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the USin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scientistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案与题解：1B spark一词做及物动词使用时有发动、激发的意思，在此意为stimulated，即引发，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对石油峰值预测的兴趣。2D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。3D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。第三篇 Citizen Scientists (C级) Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle event flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring all around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help. Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in. A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology Network. “Phenology”is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature. One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project which is open to everyone record their observations on the Project BudBurst website. “People dont have to be plant experts they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.” 词汇： frog n. 蛙 neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻；邻近地区 Ecologist n. 生态学家 database n.数据库 Phenology n. 物候学 professional adj.专业的，职业的； n. 职业选手，专业人员bud v.发芽，萌芽； n.芽，花蕾 注释: 1. life cycle:生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。 2. hyper-local beat: beat在此做名词用，意思是 :某类新闻报道，如， a business beat; 商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。 Hyper-local beat即 hyper-local news指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了 hyper-local news website，专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的 citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。 3. data是复数形式，但常用做单数，所以这里的代词是 it。另参见昀后一段“ As we collect this data，”。这里的 data也用作单数。 4. phenology:物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物的影响。 5. communities:生态学词汇 :生物群落，记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。练习： 1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A) to provide their personal life cycles. B) to observe the life cycle of plants. C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change. 2. What are citizen scientists asked to do? A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B) To send their research observations to a professional database. C) To increase their knowledge about climate change. D) To keep a record of their research observations. 3. In “All thats needed to become one (paragraph2)”, what does the word “one” stands for? A) a citizen journalist. B) a citizen scientist. C) a scientist. D) a citizen. 4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst? A) Only experts can participate in it. B) Everybody can participate in it. C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D) It has its own website. 5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst? A) To study when plants will have their first buds. B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood. C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.答案与题解： 1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以 C是正确选择。 2. B第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe的主语是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以 D不是正确选择。 A和 C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家做进一步的观察。 B正确表达了这个意思。 3. B one在这里是一个代词，其前置词是 citizen scientists，而不是 citizen journalists，这里的 one指的是 one of citizen scientists。所以 A、C和 D 都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。 4. A文章昀后一段说，这个计划向所有人开放 (open to everyone)，所以应选择 A。B、C、D所述内容都在该段中提到。 5. D C表述的内容是 Project Budburst所要做的工作，但其昀终的目的不仅仅是收集数据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此， D才是正确答案。第四篇 Motoring Technology 1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels. though some electric vehicle and biofuel1 research aims at going faster. Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area2 of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants3. They can ensure you dont miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesnt distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults. Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot4 obstacles in fog, while other technology “sees through” high-sided5 vehicles blocking your view6. And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape7. And alternatives to fossil-fuel8 based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells9 based on hydrogen burn cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort. But whatever is in the fuel tank, you dont want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote communications10, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play11 if you crash, automatically calling for help. Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyones personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon. 词汇: distract /dis5trAkt/v.使分心，使分散注意力 pedal /5pedl/n.制动踏板 hydrogen /5haidrEudVEn/n.氢 interplay /5intE(:)5plei/n.相互影响；相互作用 radar /5reidE/n.雷达 fossil-fuel n.矿物燃料 innovation /7inEu5veiFEn/n. 革新，创新 chauffeur /5FEufE/n.（受雇于私人的）汽车司机注释： 1. biofuel:生物燃料。 bio(-)用于名词或形容词前，表示“使命”或“生物”。 2. cutting edge area: 昀先进的领域。 edge: an advantage（优势） 3. in-car assistants:车内辅助设施 4. spot:在此作动词用，意思是 :看见。 5. high-sided:高大的；其反义词为 low-sided:矮小的。 6. blocking your view:挡住你的视线 7. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape:人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。 as have, less surprisingly, size and shape可以理解为 as, less surprisingly, size and shape have been linked with safety。 8. fossil fuel:指煤、石油、天然气等矿物燃料。 9. fuel cell:燃料电池 10.satellite tracking and remote communications:卫星跟踪和远程通讯 11. come into play:起作用练习: 1. What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate? A They are developing faster electric vehicles. B They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year. C They focus their research on safety and new fuels. D They are designing fully automatic cars. 2. According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen A because drivers fall asleep. B because drivers make mistakes. C because of engine failure. D because of speeding. 3. Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? A Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog. B Devices that can help drivers to see through big vehicles. C Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres. D Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision. 4. What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satelli