文学术语汇编9.doc

文学术语汇编953. Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：The name is now applied to a group of poets who, whether or not directly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by irregular meter, colloquial language and original images.54. Modernism（现代主义）：The term modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts, and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the 20th century, but especially after WWI. The specific features signified by “modernism” vary with the user, but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some of the traditional bases not only of Western art, but of Western culture in general.55.Postmodernism（后现代主义）：The term postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after WWII. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, inevitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist “high art” by recourse to the models of “mass art”.56. Theme（主题）：The term is usually applied to a general concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader.57. Multiple Point of View （多重视角）：It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.58.Ode（颂诗）：An ode is a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.59. Magic realism（魔幻现实主义）is a new literary genre appeared in the 20th century. The writers, who employed magic realistic techniques, interweave, in an ever-lasting pattern, a sharply etched realism in representing ordinary events and descriptive details together with fantastic and dreamlike elements, as well as with materials derived from myth and fairy tales. In American literature, some of Toni Morrisons novels employed magic realistic elements.60. Transcendentalism（超验主义）：appeared in 1830s in US；emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual；regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man；representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau61. Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）：Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of WWI, disillusioned by their war experience and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture are often tagged as Lost Generation. Their representatives are F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. 62. Naturalism（自然主义）：Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. In American literature, Theodore Dreiser is a representative of naturalism.63.American Puritanism（清教主义）：Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.64. Flashback（闪回）：interpolating narratives or scenes which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened; for example, it is used in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. 65. Plot（情节）：The plot in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by its events and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.English Renaissance:英国文艺复兴 A great cultural movement that swept over the British Isles in the 15th and 16th centuries, which reached its top in literature in the dramatic works of William Shakespeare. This period, emphasizing creative spirit and humanistic ideals, is the golden age of English literature. 一场于15、16世纪横扫英国的文化运动，在莎士比亚的剧作中达到其顶峰。这个时代强调的是创造精神与人文主义理想，也是英国文学的黄金时代。 Neoclassicism:新古典主义（时期） Mainly spanning the 18th century, this period is characterized in reason, polish and good taste. Representative writers of this period are John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson. They usually write poetry in heroic couplets, a polished iambic pentameter line. 主要跨越了18世纪，这一时期的特征是理性，优美和品味。这一时期的代表性作家由约翰德莱顿、亚历山大蒲柏、乔纳森斯威夫特和萨缪尔约翰逊。他们通常以英雄双行体创作诗歌，这是一种经过推敲的五步抑扬格诗行。 Romanticism:浪漫主义（时期） This brief period began in about 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge and ended in 1832 with the deaths of most of major romantic poets. The romantic age stressed emotion over reason, and its greatest poets, including also Byron, Shelly and Keats, turned to nature and their inward self for inspiration. 这个为时较短时期大约开始于1798年，当时威廉华兹华斯和萨缪尔柯勒律治合作出版了抒情歌谣集，而结束于1832年，这一年大多数浪漫主义诗人都去世了（或不再创作了）。浪漫主义时代强调情感胜过理智，而其最伟大的诗人，除以上提及的两位以外还包括拜伦、雪莱和济慈，重新转向大自然与他们的内心世界寻求灵感。 Victorian Period:维多利亚时代 This age covered approximately the same time span as the reign of Queen Victoria I did. Literary realism and the novel became the dominant theme and form of literature in this period. Great novelists of this age include Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, George Meredith and Thomas Hardy. 这一时期大概覆盖了维多利亚女王一世的统治时期。这一时期的文学现实主义和小说成了内容和形式的主流。这一时期的伟大小说家包括查尔斯狄更斯、威廉萨克雷、乔治爱略特、乔治梅瑞狄斯和托马斯哈代等人。 Modernism:现代主义（时期） Modernism as a literary period in English literature began roughly with the emergence of the aesthetes in the 1890s and went onward till the middle of the 20th century. Among the greatest modernist writers are Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Henry James, James Joyce and W. B. Yeats. 英国文学中的现代主义时期大约随1890年代唯美主义者的出现而开始，直到20世纪中叶。最伟大的现代主义作家包括埃兹拉庞德、托斯爱略特、亨利詹姆斯、詹姆斯乔伊斯和威巴叶芝。 Geoffrey Chaucer:杰奥夫里乔叟 One of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. He was claimed to be the father of English literature by later writers, and left a rich legacy for posterity. 英国最伟大的诗人之一，其代表作坎特伯雷故事集是对英国文学发展影响最大的作品之一。他被后世作家尊为英国文学之父，为后世留下了丰富的、不朽的文学遗产。 Jonathan Swift:乔纳森斯威夫特 An Anglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose and one of the most impassioned satirists of human folly and pretension. His many pamphlets, prose, letters, and poetry were all marked by highly effective and economical language. Gullivers Travels, a satire as well as a childrens story, is his masterpiece. 一位爱尔兰讽刺文学家和政治小册子作者，被认为是英国散文诗上最伟大的大师之一，也是对人类愚行和伪饰最辛辣的讽刺者之一。他的许多政治小册子、散文篇目、信件和诗歌都以高效而简洁的语言著称。格列佛游记，一部儿童小说，是他的代表作。 Walter Scott:瓦尔特斯科特 Scottish novelist and poet, whose work as a translator, editor, biographer, and critic, together with his novels and poems, made him one of the most prominent figures in English romanticism. His masterpieces include Ivanhoe, The Heart of the Midlothian, The Waverley, and The Lady of the Lake. 苏格兰小说家兼诗人，其翻译、编辑、传记文学和批评方面的作品与小说和诗歌一道使其成为英国浪漫主义时期最伟大的人物之一。他的代表作包括伊凡赫、米德洛蒂恩监狱、威佛利和湖中夫人。 Lake Poets:湖畔诗人 Term loosely applied to three English poets, Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and William Wordsworth (and sometimes Thomas De Quincey), who lived in the Lake District of England. The works of these poets had little relationship to one another, although each exemplified romantic principles in poetry. 一个比较随意的名词，指三位英国诗人罗伯特骚塞、萨穆尔泰勒柯勒律治和威廉华兹华斯（有时还包括托马斯德昆西），他们住在英国的湖区。这些诗人的作品之间相互关系并不紧密，尽管都体现了浪漫主义创作原则。 John Keats:约翰济慈 Major English poet, whose poetry describes the beauty of the natural world and art as the vehicle for his poetic imagination. His skill with poetic imagery and sound reproduces this sensuous experience for his reader. Among his greatest creation of art are Ode to a Nightingale, The Eve of St. Agnes, Hyperion and Endymion 英国大诗人，其诗作描述了自然界的美，以及作为他诗歌想象载体的艺术。他对于诗歌意象和音乐的技巧为读者栩栩如生地再现了这些感官经验。在她最伟大的作品中有夜莺颂、圣艾格尼丝前夜、赫批里昂与恩迪弥翁。 Lyrical Ballads:抒情歌谣集 This work, first published in 1798, is generally taken to mark the beginning of the Romantic Movement in English poetry. Wordsworth wrote almost all the poems in the volume, including the memorable “Tintern Abbey”; Coleridge contributed the famous “Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” Representing a revolt against the artificial classicism of contemporary English verse, Lyrical Ballads was greeted with hostility by most leading critics of the day. 这部作品第一次出版于1798年，通常被认为是英国浪漫主义诗歌的开端。华兹华斯创作了这部作品中的大部分诗篇，包括令人难忘的丁顿教堂。柯勒律治贡献了著名的老水手之歌。这部作品既代表了一种对当时英语诗歌的假造浮夸的新古典遗风的反叛，在当时也遭到了绝大多数权威批评认识的敌意对待。 Gullivers Travels:格列佛游记 The masterpiece of Jonathan Swift, which relates the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, an English surgeon, who, in the first quarter of the 18th century, embarks on four voyages to unknown parts of the world. In his book, Swift designed these exotic lands and strange characters to reflect the England of his time, but, at the same time, his satire strikes so close to human nature that it is as relevant today. 乔纳森斯威夫特的代表作，这部作品描述了勒穆埃尔格列佛一位英国外科医生在18世纪上半叶前半期所进行的四次海上旅行，到过世界上不为人知的地方。在这本书中斯威夫特设计了遥远的国度和奇怪的角色，反映了他那个时代的英国，与此同时他对人类本性的讽刺是如此接近真实，以至于就是在今天，仍然是那样有意义。 The School for Scandal:造谣学校 A famous 18th-century play by Richard Sheridan about gossip, hypocrisy, and false sentimentality. In this drama nearly everybody hurts others and is themselves hurt by the invention and spread of scandalous gossip, which is a dept indictment of capitalistic society. 理查德谢里丹著名的18世纪喜剧，讽刺了造谣生事、虚伪和矫情造作。在这出戏中几乎每个人都在伤害他人，自己也受到伤害，因而整出喜剧是对资本主义社会的强烈讽刺。 Ode to the West Wind:西风颂 One of the masterpieces in world literature produced by the great English romanticist poet Percy Bysshe Shelly. This poem takes the metaphor of the west wind as the revolutionary forces and predicts the forthcoming storm of revolution. The whole poem is permeated with passion, fervor and enthusiasm. 世界文学的经典作品之一，由伟大的英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱创作。这首诗采用了把革命力量比作西风的手法，预言了即将到来的革命风暴。整首诗充溢着激情与热情。 Jane Eyre:简爱 Whether viewed as a richly woven tapestry of feminine imagination, as a tableau of romanticism in the Victorian era, or as an early treatise on womens rights, Jane Eyre, the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, stands as a classic work of literature in the English-speaking world. As a romance, Jane Eyre extends the tradition of sentimental concern for common folk and harsh judgment of those who exploit them within an industrialized or class-stratified social order. 不管是看作女性想象的丰富卷轴，看作维多利亚时代浪漫主义的动人场面，还是当作女权的早期宣言，这部作品，夏洛特勃朗台的代表作，都在英语世界的文学中成为无可争议的经典名作。作为一个浪漫故事，这部作品拓展了传统中对普通人不无伤感的关注，并对在工业化与阶级分层化的社会秩序中剥削下层人民的人进行了有力抨击。 简答题部分 The Eagle This poem is written in 1851 in memory of Arthur H. Hallam, a bosom friend of Tennysons in the days of Cambridge, who had been engaged to Tennysons sister. Hallam had been an enthusiastic reader and critic of Tennysons poetry, and had great influence on the poets artistic creation. In 1833 Hallam died in Vienna of cerebral hemorrhage, which was definitely a great shock to Tennyson. In this lyrical poem, Tennyson portrays the image of an eagle dwelling on the mountains, which is undoubtedly Hallam. The poet meant to sing high praises of the integrity of his dead friend with this portrayal. 这首诗写于1851年，是为了纪念丁尼生剑桥时代的密友Arthur H. Hallam而创作的，此人曾与丁尼生的妹妹订婚。哈拉姆一直是丁尼生诗歌创作热情的读者和批评者，并对诗人的艺术创作有着极大的影响。1833年哈拉姆由于脑出血在维也纳去世，这对丁尼生来说不啻是晴天霹雳。在这首抒情小诗里，丁尼生塑造了一个高山雄鹰的形象，这无疑就是哈拉姆。诗人的意思是要借这幅图画歌颂亡友的不凡人品。 Gullivers Travels First of all, this travel log reflects the various social conflicts concentrated in the early 18th British society, derisively attacking the darkness of the corrupt relation