高考英语总复习(专题攻略)之完形填空-解题方法与技巧

.解题方法与技巧一、整体浏览抓住主题在做完形填空题前，首先要整体浏览，对全文快速阅读一遍，了解文章的大意，掌握文章的主题，并留心文中的关键词，了解这篇短文说什么，发生的时间、地点、文章的目的、作者的观点与态度等，这对于做好完形填空题能起到事半功倍的效果。因此，了解文章的主题和大意就显得十分重要。人们常说看书先看皮，看报先看题，这是因为书的封面和报纸的标题都能传达一本书和一篇文章的主题。但是完形填空题所选短文一般都是没有标题的，那么要掌握文章的主题怎么办。要找到文章的主题，首先要找到文章的主题句，因为主题句就能反映文章的主题。文章总是围绕一定的主题展开的，而每一个段落则是说明主题的一个方面，概括了一个段落的中心思想的句子就是主题句。主题句常常出现在段首与段尾，在段首就是一段文章开头的一两句，在段尾就是文章的最后一句；因此浏览短文时，首先要细读段首与段尾；比较起来，主题句位于段首的比例更高一些，所以，首段的第一句或最后一句往往是主题句，它就是引领整篇文章的主旨，是文章的灵魂，因此要抓住不放。作者要支持自己的观点，那么第二段就是作者围绕主题展开的正文。以2000年上海市秋季高考英语试卷完形填空为例：例 1Bedtime stories are one of the delights of early childhood. But according to Dr. Julie Spreadbury from Queensland University, parents should not 61(give)up reading to their children 62(after)they enter primary school. She says listening to, reading and discussing the stories help childrens 63(development).“My 64(research) indicates that once children can read themselves, most parents stop reading 65(to) them,” Dr. Spreadbury says.“ 66(That) may be at the end of the Year 1,which is far too 67(early).”Dr. Spreadbury says 68(bedtime)reading not only gives children a good start at school, but brings parents and their children closer.“This makes it 69(easier) for them to open up and talk to parents about things that are worrying them, or things they are 70(celebrating) in their everyday life.从上述短文我们可以看出，She says listening to, reading and discussing the stories help childrens 63(development).是该短文的主题句，这是因为下面的三段都是围绕着这个主题展开的。二、再读全篇试填答案许多考生都有这样的经历，做完形填空题时，一看到题目就做，结果自己感到很有把握的答案错了，问题就是对短文的内容和结构没有完整、清晰的了解和把握。因此读第二遍就显得很有必要，这样就可以使考生对短文有更好的把握。在读第二遍时，对于一眼就能看出的答案，不必纠缠，马上就填入，对于那些看看有点像，但没有把握的答案，可以开始试填，待看完第二遍时，再来看看试填的答案，如发现先前填得不对，这时应该及时更正，这时你就会比较有把握，也比较有信心了。以2000年上海市秋季高考英语试卷完形填空为例：例 2Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it wont be too long before they are able to 71(prove) its existence. Their confidence is the 72(result) of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province.Ten Chinese 73(engineers), enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly 74(amazed) by what they saw. Three 75(tall) animals, covered with long dark hair , were crossing the road. On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped and 76(ran after) them. 77(However), when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with great 78(speed) and strength, they did not dare to follow any further.The men did not take any 79(photographs). However, scientists are 80(delighted) by the discovery, because the engineers were all very well educated people and scientists feel they can 81(rely on) what they described.After the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and 82(collected) some hair and measured footprints. About 20 inches appears to be the length of the animals foot! Chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a 83(study) of the forest. But in the meantime, some people 84(refuse) to believe that this half-man, half-monkey exists. They will not believe that it is 85(real) until one of the animals has been caught.71. A. prove B. analyze C. protect D. check 72. A. basis B. requirement C. result D. preparation73. A. travelers B. engineers C. scientists D. explorers 74.A. frightened B. amazed C. upset D. inspired 75. A. trained B. rejected C. tall D. violent76. A. shot at B. looked at C. fought with D. ran after77. A. However B. Indeed C. Meanwhile D. Anyway78. A. difficulty B. speed C. care D. pleasure79. A. bullets B. tools C medicines D. photographs80. A. surprised B. delighted C. disturbed D. supported 81. A. rely on B. deal with C. write down D. pass on82. A. cut B. pulled C. collected D. tore83. A. film B. tour C. choice D. study 84. A. come B. refuse C. prefer D. have85. A. wrong B. alive C. real D. correct 在做73题时，我们可以试选a. travelers , 因为后面有enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. 但我们再往下读时，就会发现travelers 不对，而应该选b. engineers , 因为在第二段我们会看到On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped ，这里的the engineers显然是指the men 和ten Chinese engineers。再如74题，很多学生一开始会选a. frightened, 因为受了后面句子的影响：Three _75_ animals, covered with long dark hair , were crossing the road. 特别是受到covered with long dark hair的影响。当下文的空格完成以后，我们就会发现选frightened不对，而应选b. amazed, 因为下文有 On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped and 76(ran after) them.如果中国工程师们 were frightened(frighten: vt. to fill with fear; alarm充满恐惧；惊恐), 他们就不会stopped and ran after them. 所以要选amazed(astonished).这是一个非常典型的关于再读全篇试填答案的例子。当你做题目没有把握时，就先试填，待文章看完时再回过头来检查你试填的答案，这不失为做完形填空题的好方法之一。三、瞻前顾后寻找关联我们在再读全篇，试填答案一节中所谈的已涉及到瞻前顾后寻找关联的某些含义，但侧重试填；而我们将在这里侧重谈瞻前顾后寻找关联。完形填空题的特点基于整个语篇的理解，不从单句入手，有时如果从某一个单句来理解，四个选项都可以填入，但从整个语篇来看，答案只有一个。一般来讲，一个学生如果具有较高语言水平，较好的文化背景知识，史地及其他知识比较丰富的话，做该题型的困难就会比较少；可容忍被挖掉的词就会多一些，反之亦然。但对于相同知识水平的学生来讲，讲究方法就尤其重要了。在做题目的时候，首先要对空格前后句子，然后对该空格相应的选项进行全面分析。通过瞻前顾后，寻找关联来确定空格中的词的词性、意思、和功能。如果是功能性的空格，则要求学生填入虚词即连词、介词、冠词等，那么就应根据功能来选答案。如果是语法问题，那么就要考虑时态和语态是否符合上下文、主谓是否一致；如果是语义空格，那么则要求考生填入实词即动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词等，那么就要通过上下文进行分析，根据文章的语义环境，做到瞻前顾后，寻找关联，然后作出合理的判断。以2002年上海市秋季高考英语试卷完形填空为例：例 3Have you ever regretted doing something you shouldnt have done or something you didnt do which you should have? At one time or another we probably all have. Theres no 51( point) in getting depressed about it nowits no 52( use) crying over spilt milk. However, there may be some gain in thinking about exactly what happened and why 53(because) we might be able to draw some conclusions for the future. One thing we all do now and again is to lose our 54(temper) with a friend or close relative. The odd thing is that we more often display great 55(anger) towards someone we are fond of than towards 56(strangers) . The explanation may be that we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net, an opportunity to 57 (let off) a bit of steam in a safe environment, while the consequences of 58(insulting) a stranger could be far more serious. Being honest is usually thought of as a virtue and undoubtedly this is the 59(case). On the other hand, we have all experienced occasions when we have spoken our minds to someone, telling them exactly what we feel, and then have found ourselves filled with feelings of 60(guilt) . Perhaps we should have kept our mouths shut?51. A. reason B. purpose C. point D. result 52. A. use B. help C. value D. benefit 53. A. so B. because C. but D. though 54.A. mind B. memory C. manner D. temper 55. A. anger B. interest C. love D. respect 56. A. strangers B. friends C. relatives D. colleagues57. A run through B. throw away C. give up D. let off 58.A. inviting B. insulting C. speaking to D. believing in 59. A. issue B. case C. event D. factor60. A excitement B. happiness C. pride D. guilt 以做55题为例，单从这一句来看，四个选项a. anger b. interest c. love d. respect都可以填进去, 但从下文的we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net,(我们把朋友和亲戚看作一种安全网。) an opportunity to let off a bit of steam in safe environment (一种在安全环境中可以宣泄怨气的机会)。再从前文的The odd thing is that (奇怪的事是), 因此第55题可以判断选anger, 这样才能符合题义：奇怪的事是我们更经常地对我们喜欢的某些人发泄愤怒。在做这个题目的时候，我们瞻前又顾后，所以就比较顺利。再比如做54 题，我们也可以从下文的we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net,(我们把朋友和亲戚看作一种安全网。)和an opportunity to let off a bit of steam in safe environment得到启示,很容易看出要选d, 以构成lose our temper的结构。根据这一原则，我们就能顺利地选出56题的答案是a, strangers, 这是因为上文提到的我们把朋友和亲戚看作一种安全网，也就是说我们经常对朋友和亲戚发脾气比较安全，而对strangers发脾气的后果就比较严重，据此我们也就能够很容易得出结论58题应该选b, insulting。我们在做完形填空题时，做到瞻前顾后，寻找关联，这样就能做到在高考中得高分。四、完形完义立足全局做完形填空有两个程序：一是完形（选择选项，然后填补空白）；二是完义（阅读短文，然后理解短文）。但是完形必须在完义的基础上进行，也就是说首先要在阅读理解短文的基础上做好完形。完形必须服从完义，单句必须服从段落，段落必须服从全文，局部必须服从全局。因此，我们在做完形填空题时，不能读一句做一句，更不能看到就填，这样往往要出差错。先从整体到局部完义，再从局部到整体完形，完形完义，立足全局。以2001年上海市秋季高考英语试卷完形填空为例：例4Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. They sleep better and wake up feeling more 61(refreshed) , in part due to increased amounts of deep sleep. Deep sleep may play a role in the body restoring itself 62(physically) , as opposed to REM(rapid eye movement) or dreaming sleep. Researchers have found that physical exercise, especially 63(done) in the afternoon or early evening, produces more 64(deep sleep) early in the night. 65(Exercise)can also help you get a better nights sleep in a number of indirect ways. The relaxation and tiredness 66(caused) by exercise can improve sleep. Exercise encourages weight loss and also may 67(relieve) depression. Exercising later in the day can also help delay the 68(nighttime) drop in your bodys temperature. The 69(benefits) of exercise are especially important for older people, 70(since) exercise has been shown to increase the amount of sleep senior adults get in a night and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. But be sure you finish exercising at least 4 hours before bedtime-working out later than that could leave you too excited to fall asleep easily. 61. a. conscious b. peaceful c. effective d. refreshed 62. a. physically b. mentally c. emotionally d. regularly 63. a. made b. done c. functioned d. conducted 64. a. nights sleep b. dreaming sleep c. deep sleep d. REM 65. a. Exercise b. Dreams c. Researchers d. Doctors66. a. recovered b. strengthened c. caused d. reduced 67. a. increase b. relieve c. release d. arouse 68. a. nighttime b. daytime c. dinnertime d. lifetime 69. a. disadvantages b. benefits c. ways d. places70. a. yet b. if c. when d. since 在做完形填空题时，我们首先要找到主题句（topic sentence），以便抓住中心，了解文章的大意，这样做有利于我们做后面的填空。浏览一下本篇短文，我们就知道这篇短文的主题句就是：Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. 因此我们就知道这篇文章是谈论锻炼身体方面的。下文的填空就是关于这一方面的。我们在上文已经谈到“完形必