居里夫人传英文

TheLegendofMarieCurie,Liyuanyuan2013212062,Contents,Biography,1.,Legacy,2.,Awards,honours,andtributes,3.,MariaSkodowskawasborninWarsaw,intheRussianpartitionofPoland,on7November1867,asthefifthandyoungestchildofwell-knownteachersBronisawa,neBoguska,andWadysawSkodowski.Onboththepaternalandmaternalsides,thefamilyhadlosttheirpropertyandfortunesthroughpatrioticinvolvementsinPolishnationaluprisingsaimedatrestoringPolandsindependence.Thiscondemnedthesubsequentgeneration,includingMaria,hereldersistersandherbrother,toadifficultstruggletogetaheadinlife.,Biography,Whenshewastenyearsold,MariabeganattendingtheboardingschoolofJ.Sikorska;nextsheattendedagymnasiumforgirls,fromwhichshegraduatedon12June1883withagoldmedal.Unabletoenrollinaregularinstitutionofhighereducationbecauseshewasawoman,sheandhersisterBronisawabecameinvolvedwiththeclandestineFlyingUniversity,aPolishpatrioticinstitutionofhigherlearningthatadmittedwomenstudents.,Whileworkingforthelatterfamily,shefellinlovewiththeirson,Kazimierzorawski,afutureeminentmathematician.Hisparentsrejectedtheideaofhismarryingthepennilessrelative,andKazimierzwasunabletoopposethem.Mariaslossoftherelationshipwithorawskiwastragicforboth.Hesoonearnedadoctorateandpursuedanacademiccareerasamathematician,becomingaprofessorandrectorofKrakwUniversity.Still,asanoldmanandamathematicsprofessorattheWarsawPolytechnic,hewouldsitcontemplativelybeforethestatueofMariaSkodowskawhichhadbeenerectedin1935beforetheRadiumInstitutethatshehadfoundedin1932.,1,Inlate1891,sheleftPolandforFrance.Here,Mariaproceededwithherstudiesofphysics,chemistry,andmathematicsattheUniversityofParis,wheresheenrolledinlate1891.Sheearnedaseconddegreein1894.,MariehadbegunherscientificcareerinPariswithaninvestigationofthemagneticpropertiesofvarioussteels,commissionedbyTheSocietyfortheEncouragementofNationalIndustry.ThatsameyearPierreCurieenteredherlife.,Theirmutualpassionforsciencebroughtthemincreasinglycloser,andtheybegantodevelopfeelingsforoneanother.On26July1895theyweremarriedinSceaux(Seine);neitherwantedareligiousservice.Mariesdarkblueoutfit,worninsteadofabridalgown,wouldserveherformanyyearsasalaboratoryoutfit.Theysharedtwopastimes:longbicycletrips,andjourneysabroad,whichbroughtthemevencloser.InPierre,Mariehadfoundanewlove,apartner,andascientificcollaboratoronwhomshecoulddepend.,In1897,herdaughterIrnewasborn.InJuly1898,Curieandherhusbandpublishedajointpaperannouncingtheexistenceofanelementwhichtheynamedpolonium,inhonourofhernativePoland,whichwouldforanothertwentyyearsremain,partitionedamongthreeempires.On26December1898,theCuriesannouncedtheexistenceofasecondelement,whichtheynamedradium,fromtheLatinwordforray.Inthecourseoftheirresearch,theyalsocoinedthewordradioactivity.,Between1898and1902,theCuriespublished,jointlyorseparately,atotalof32scientificpapers,includingonethatannouncedthat,whenexposedtoradium,diseased,tumor-formingcellsweredestroyedfasterthanhealthycells.,InDecember1903,theRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciencesawardedPierreCurie,MarieCurie,andHenriBecquereltheNobelPrizeinPhysics.,InDecember1904,Curiegavebirthtotheirseconddaughter,ve.On19April1906,Pierrewaskilledinaroadaccident.In1910Curiesucceededinisolatingradium;shealsodefinedaninternationalstandardforradioactiveemissionsthatwaseventuallynamedforherandPierre:thecurie.,In1911itwasrevealedthatin191011CuriehadconductedanaffairofaboutayearsdurationwithphysicistPaulLangevin,aformerstudentofPierresamarriedmanwhowasestrangedfromhiswife.Thisresultedinapressscandalthatwasexploitedbyheracademicopponents.Curie(theninhermid-40s)wasfiveyearsolderthanLangevinandwasmisrepresentedinthetabloidsasaforeignJewishhome-wrecker.Whenthescandalbroke,shewasawayataconferenceinBelgium;onherreturn,shefoundanangrymobinfrontofherhouseandhadtoseekrefuge,withherdaughters,inthehomeofafriend.,Internationalrecognitionforherworkhadbeengrowingtonewheights,andtheRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,overcomingoppositionpromptedbytheLangevinscandal,honoredherasecondtime,withthe1911NobelPrizeinChemistry.Thisawardwasinrecognitionofherservicestotheadvancementofchemistrybythediscoveryoftheelementsradiumandpolonium,bytheisolationofradiumandthestudyofthenatureandcompoundsofthisremarkableelement.ShewasthefirstpersontowinorsharetwoNobelPrizes.,CurievisitedPolandforthelasttimeinearly1934.Afewmonthslater,on4July1934,shediedattheSancellemozSanatoriuminPassy,inHaute-Savoie,fromaplasticanemiabelievedtohavebeencontractedfromherlong-termexposuretoradiation.ShewasinterredatthecemeteryinSceaux,alongsideherhusbandPierre.Sixtyyearslater,in1995,inhonouroftheirachievements,theremainsofbothweretransferredtothePanthon,Paris.ShebecamethefirstwomantobehonouredwithintermentinthePanthononherownmerits.In2015,twootherwomenwerealsointerredontheirownmerits.,Legacy,IfCuriesworkhelpedoverturnestablishedideasinphysicsandchemistry,ithashadanequallyprofoundeffectinthesocietalsphere.Toattainherscientificachievements,shehadtoovercomebarriersthatwereplacedinherwaybecauseshewasawoman,inbothhernativeandheradoptivecountry.ThisaspectofherlifeandcareerishighlightedinFranoiseGiroudsMarieCurie:ALife,whichemphasizesMariesroleasafeministprecursor.,Awards,honours,andtributes,Asoneofthemostfamousfemalescientiststodate,MarieCuriehasbecomeaniconinthescientificworldandhasreceivedtributesfromacrosstheglobe,evenintherealmofpopculture.Ina2009pollcarriedoutbyNewScientist,MarieCuriewasvotedthemostinspirationalwomaninscience.PolandandFran