Figures of Speech 文学原理教程

.,FiguresofSpeech,.,FigureofSpeech修辞,-Awayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother.,.,.Simile喻体指用来做比喻的对象;比喻词在本体和喻体之间起连接作用.,.,Indicatorofresemblance/Similemarker-like/as/asas/asif/asthough/(just)asto/resemble/similarto/seemthan/than/tobeararesemblanceto,.,Examples,Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephantsskin.Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustle（轻轻的摩擦声）ofdeadleaves.Theriverispeaceful,likeanewbabysleeping.,.,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Foodistothebodyasfuelistotheengine.Liferesemblesbutadaysjourney.Hehasnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.,.,O,myloveslikeared,redrose,ThatsmewlysprunginJune;O,myloveslikethemelodyThatssweetlyplayedintune.-RobertBurns,.,IwonderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhighovervalesandhills-WilliamWordsworth,.,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouaremorelovelyandmoretemperate-WilliamShakespeare,.,汉语的明喻是用“像”、“似”、“如”、“好像似的”等词来连接被比喻和用作比喻的事物例：骄阳似火江作青罗带，山如碧玉簪；春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。朱自清,.,2.Metaphor隐喻,-Afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof“like”or“as”.,.,AMetaphorcomparesonethingtoanotherbysayingthatonething“is”anotherthing.Metaphorsarestrongerthansimiles,buttheyaremoredifficulttosee.,.,Eg:Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.Snowclothestheground.Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.,.,Thesocietywashiscollege.Abookthatisshutisbutablock.Moneyisthelensinacamera.Ahousedividedagainstitselfcantstand.,.,Alltheworldsastage,andwearemerelyplayers.-WilliamShakespeare,.,.,Joefoughtlikealion.Joewasalioninthebattle.,Learningmaybelikenedtoclimbingupamountain.Learningisclimbingupamountain.,.,Thenewsisasadaggertohisheart.Thenewsisadaggertohisheart.,Thegossipwaslikeanetthatstrangledher.Shewasstrangledinthenetofgossip.,.,.Personificationthethirstyground,.,Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns:Eg:thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleavesThatproducedbytheuseofverbs:Eg:thekettlesings;thewavesdanced,.,2.Apostrophe呼告,-Afigureofspeechinwhichsomeoneabsentordeadorsth.nonhumanisaddressedasifitwerealiveandpresentandcouldreply.,.,Apostrophesaregenerallycapitalized.Apostropheisoftenusedtoconveyextremeemotion.呼告则把物当作人直接与之对话，形成情感的激流与形象交融，引起强烈共鸣。,.,Eg:Death,benotproud.-JohnDonneMilton,thoushouldbelivingatthistime.-WilliamWordsworthAh,Sorrow,youconsumeus.Where,Odeath,thysting?where,Odeath,thyvictory?“,.,Oeloquent,just,andmightyDeath!Science!TruedaughterofOldTimethouart!-EdgarAllanPoeOCaptain!MyCaptain!-WaltWhitman,.,Oh,bravenewworldthathassuchpeopleint!-ShakespeareOcunningLove!-ShakespeareOpolicypaper,whyareyousohorrible?-TamaraTaylorProductivity,whydoyoueludemeso?-JessicaEllis,.,.Metonymy&Synecdoche,1.Metonymy借喻/代,换/转喻-Afigureofspeechinwhichthenameofsomeobjectorideaissubstitutedforanothernametowhichithassomerelation.,.,A.用一个事物来象征人或另一事物：Todefythecrown反抗君主Tobepromotedtothebench升为法官Fromthecradletothegrave从生到死,.,Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.Grayhairsshouldberespected.,.,B.用工具或器官来代替本体：Thepenhasmoreinfluencethansword.Hehasaneyeforbeauty.Giveeverymanthineear,butfewthyvoice.,.,C.用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西：TheyserveChinesedishes.（中餐）Thebabywasbroughtuponthebottle.（牛奶或羊奶）,.,Theychattedoverabottle.（边喝酒边聊天）Thewholevillagecameouttowelcomethesingers.（全村的人）,.,D.用制造者名字代替制成品：DoyoulikeSchubert(舒伯特)?IveneverreadHomer.E.用地方代替事物：WhiteHouse美国总统Kremlin俄罗斯政府,.,2.Synecdoche提喻法-Afigureofspeechinwhichapartofanobjectisusedtorepresentthewholeobjectoridea.,.,A.用局部代替整体：Manyhandsmakelightwork.(用hand表示干活的人)Thecasewasdefendedbyeloquentlips.(用lips表示有辩才的人)Theycametoliveunderthesameroof.(用roof表示整个房子),.,B.用整体代替局部：It(thevolleyballmatch)wasaclosecontest.Intheend,Chinawon.(用China代表中国队)C.用个体代替整个一类：SheisanotherMadamCurie.,.,D.用具体代替抽象：Thefatheryearnsinthetrueprincesbreast.E.用抽象代替具体：Theauthorities（当局）F.用材料代替事物：Apiggy-bankfullofcoppers,.,.Hyperbole/Overstatement&Understatement,Hyperbole/Overstatement夸张法-Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtogiveemphasis.,.,Hyperbolemaybeusedtoevokestrongfeelingsortocreateastrongimpression,butisnotmeanttobetakenliterally.,.,Overstatementmaybeusedwithavarietyofeffects.Itmaybehumorous,orgrave,fancifulorrestrained,convincingorunconvincing.,.,Eg:Wherehaveyoubeen?Ivebeenwaiting(for)ages.Thatvaseisafamilyheirloom,theywontsellitforabilliondollars.Ihadsomuchhomework,Ineededapickuptrucktocarryallmybookshome!,.,Onefatherismorethanahundredschoolmasters.Itsacrimetostayinsideonsuchabeautifulday.Themosteffectivewaterpowerintheworldiswomenstears.,.,IlovedOphelia:fortythousandbrothersCouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,Makeupmysum.-Shakespeare,Hamlet,.,Forshewasbeautiful-herbeautymadeThebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideSeemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.-Shelly,.,Thesebooksweighaton.(Thesebooksareheavy.)Icouldsleepforayear.(Icouldsleepforalongtime.)Thepathwentonforever.(Thepathwasverylong.),.,Imdoingamillionthingsrightnow.(Imbusy.)Icouldeatahorse.(Imhungry.),.,2.Understatement轻描淡写的陈述-Afigureofspeechthatconsistsofsayinglessthanonemeansorofsayingwhatonemeanswithlessforcethantheoccasionwarrants.,.,Thefunctionofunderstatementistocontrolthetoneofspeaking.Understatementisespeciallyusefulindealingwithahostileaudienceorindisagreeingwithsomeone,becausethestatement,whilecarryingthesamepoint,ismuchlessoffensive.,.,Understatementcanbeusedasatoolformodestyandtactfulness.Wheneveryourepresentyourownaccomplishments,andoftenwhenyoujustdescribeyourownposition,anunderstatementofthefactswillhelpyoutoavoidthechargeofegotismontheonehandandofself-interestedpufferyontheother.,.,Eg:TheWenchuanearthquakeinterruptedbusinesssomewhatinSichuanProvince.YouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.Iknowalittleaboutrocks.,.,Asoiledbaby,withaneglectednose,cannotbeconscientiouslyregardedasathingofbeauty.-MarkTwainHeisamannotwithoutambition.Thesecondlawofthermodynamicsprettymuchworksagainstthepossibilityofsuchanevent.,.,.Paradox&Pun,1.Paradox似非而是的观点-Aself-contradictoryandabsurdstatementthatturnsouttobeinsomesenseatleast,actuallytrueandvalid.,.,Advantage,Paradoximmediatelyarousesthereadersinterestandthatitiseconomicalpointingouttheconnectionbetweenoppositesidesinonlyafewwords.,.,Examples,Awell-knownsecretagentHeardmelodiesaresweet,butthoseunheardAresweeter-JohnKeats,.,Icanresistanythingexcepttemptation.Spiesdonotlooklikespies.Warispeace.Freedomisslavery.Ignoranceisstrength.-GeorgeOrwell,.,2.Pun双关语-Aplayonwords,involvingwordswithsimilaroridenticalsoundsbutwithdifferentmeaning.,.,Eg:AFarewelltoArmsb