复合句_定语从句

1,语法专题讲义,制作：杨讯,2005年11月,定语从句,2,语法专题讲义,知识详解,定语从句,高考真题,跟踪练习,3,定语从句,一、定语从句概述,在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后或由关系副词或关系代词引导。如：,ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.你读的故事叫营救。,Thestory是“先行词”，thatyouread是定语从句，that是关系代词。,（一）概念,4,定语从句,（二）定语从句的引导词,1、定语从句的引导词可分关系代词如：that,which,who（宾格whom,所有格whose）和关系副词when,where。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分，代替先行词在从句中充当成分，如何使用关系代词或关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当的成分定的。,5,定语从句,（三）定语从句的分类,定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，如：,MybrotherwholivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.（限制性定语从句）,我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（我的兄弟不只一个。住在纽约的那位只是其中之一。）,Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.（非限制性定语从句）,我兄弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（我只有一个兄弟，且他住在纽约。）,6,定语从句,（四）关系代词引导的定语从句,1、关系代词概述,关系代词有who,whom,that,which,whose。当先行词指人时用who,whom,当先行词指物时用which;whose是who和which的所有格形式，表示“的”，that既可指人，也可指物。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作主语时关系代词不可省略，作宾语时可以省略。详见表1,7,定语从句,表1定语从句,8,定语从句,2、当先行词指人时使用who和whom，若在句中作主语用who；如果作宾语用whom，但在口语中，常用who代替whom，也可以省略。如：,TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(关系代词who在从句中作主语),ThegirlwemetyesterdayisLiLeissister.(关系代词who,whom或that在从句中作宾语，已被省略),Heisthemanwhom/thatIvisitedlastweek.,9,定语从句,3、当先行词指物时，用which或that.,Theyplantedthetreeswhich/thatdontneedmuchwater.,Thefish(which)weboughtwerenotfresh.,MissSmithistheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.,4、whose引导定语从句，先行词可是人也可是物，whose在从句中作定语，其后必跟一个名词。如：,史密斯老师便是上周房子着火的那名老师。,10,定语从句,5、that先行词既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：,Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.,Letsaskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere.,Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisfamousrunner.,6、如果关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词的位置,（1）关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：,11,定语从句,（2）含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如：,Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfor?,Theoldmanwhomthenursesarelookingafterisverywellnow.,Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.,（3）关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：,12,定语从句,（4）关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。如：,Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.,IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?,7、只用that作关系代词的场合,我父亲工作的那个公司的老板是一个非常和善的人。,（1）被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all,much,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone,something等时，只能用that。如：,13,定语从句,（2）先行词被only,very,just,last,oneof,all,no,little,few,any等词修饰时，只能用that。如：,TheonlythingthatIwanttodoistohavearest.,Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.,（3）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，只用that。如：,（4）先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，只用that。,Thisisthebestwaythatcansolvetheproblem.,14,定语从句,（5）先行词既有人也有物时，只用that。如：,Thefilmstarandherfilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallyveryfamous.,Hebroughttwocatsyesterday.NowIcanseethetwothatareplayinginthegarden.,（6）被修饰词为数词时，只用that。如：,（7）如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which引导，则另一个用that以避名重复；如：,Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.,15,定语从句,（8）主句是therebe结构，修饰其主语的定语从句用that。如：,ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoFrank.,Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.,8、只用which作关系代词的场合。,（2）引导非限制性定语从句which可代先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。如：,Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.,（1）当关系代词前有介词时，只用which。如：,16,定语从句,（3）先行词为that,those时，引导词用which。如：,Whatsthatwhichwasputinthecar?,LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.,（4）一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个则用which。如：,9、通常要用who代表人作关系代词的场合。,17,定语从句,（1）当先行词是one，ones，anyone或those等，只用who。如：,Anyonewhodoesthatmustbemad.,Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.,（2）用在therebe结构中，主语指人时，只用who。如：,Thosewhodaretobreakthelawwillbepunished.,18,定语从句,（3）当先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时，只用who。如：,ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohadjustcomefromShanghai.,（4）为了避免重复或引起歧义，当句子中有两个定语从句，一个用that时，另一个用who。如：,ImetafriendofmineintheparkyesterdaywhohadgotthreegoldmedalsintheAsianGames.,那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，他来自上海。,19,定语从句,（5）当先行词是I，you，he，they等时（常用于谚语之中）。如：,Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.,HewhodoesntreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.,不到长城非好汉。,玩火自焚。,20,定语从句,（五）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词有why,when,where,在定语从句中代替先行词，作状语，不可省略，有时也可用“介词+which”代替。,Wellneverforgetthehappytimewhenweworkedonthefarm.,IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.,1、when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：,21,定语从句,Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.,2、where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：,Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.,3、why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，如：,Thereareseveralreasonswhywecantdothat.,Hecouldntgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhyhewaslateforschool.,22,定语从句,4、that代替关系副词,Thiswasthetime(that)hearrived.(=when),Thisistheplace(that)heworks.(=where),（1）在口语中或非正式场合，that可代替关系副词，且常可省略。如：,23,定语从句,*（2）尤其是当先行词是way时，引导词通常用that或不用任何引导词，这里应当注意的是how不能用作关系副词引导定语从句。如：,Thisistheway（that/inwhich）hedidit.,24,定语从句,（六）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.,1、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开，如：,Howdoyouapologizetoyourfriendwhosebikeyoulost?,25,定语从句,Helen,whowassittingonmyleft,saidthatthismealwasthebestshehadeverhad.,2、非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。如：,Lijiang,whereIwasborn,isverybeautiful.,海伦坐在我的旁边说这是她吃过的最好的一顿饭。,3、有些定语从句，究竟是限制性还是非限制性的，要根据上下文来判断。,26,定语从句,（七）使用关系代词还是关系副词当引导词在句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词；当引导词在句中作状语时，要用关系副词。如：,IwillrememberthedaywhenIleftmyhometownforever.,Thisistheplacewhereheworks.(where状语时，等于inwhich),IoftenthinkofthedaysthatIspentinBrownslastsummer.(that作spent的宾语=thedays),Hekeptlaughingduringthetwohours(that)ittooktoflytoBeijing.(that作took的宾语，等于twohours),27,定语从句,（八）定语从句的主谓一致,Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishome-made.,1、关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：,I,whoamyourclassmate,willsharetheworkwithyou.,28,定语从句,Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.,2、“oneof+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常要用复数；当one前有the(only),the(very)等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。如：,MrWangistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhohasbeeninvitedtohavedinnerwithus.,29,定语从句,（九）as引导的定语从句,Iwantohavesuchadictionaryashehas.,1、as用作关系代词或关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句作主语、表语和状语，构成“thesameas”，“suchas”等结构。如：,Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.(as作状语),Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.,30,定语从句,Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.(as代表整个句子，作表语),2、as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前。如：,Asisknowntoall,heisthebeststudentinourclass.（as代表整个句子，作主语）,Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语）,31,定语从句,常用这种类似插入语的句式有asissaidabove(正如以上所说）,asalreadymentionedabove（正如上文所提及的那样）,asisknowntoall（正如我们所知道的那样）,asitis（按现在的样子）,asisoftenthecase（是常有的事）,asisreportedinthenewspaper（正如所报）等。,32,定语从句,注意：1、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。2、关系代词whom,which,that在限制性语从句中作动词宾语或介词介词，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不能省略。3、关系代词which和as在定语从句的区别是：which不能放在句首，而as则可以；在句中时，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，而which则没有此意。,33,历年高考真题再现,1.Ihavemanyfriends,_somearebusinessmen.(NMET2005,全国卷I，24)A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.whoofD.ofwhom,2.Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?Thereisnooneelse_,isthere.(NMET2005,北京，35)A.whototurntoB.shecanturntoC.forwhomtoturnD.forhertoturn,D,B,34,历年高考真题再现,3.Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.(NMET2005,天津，13)A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what,4.Theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(NMET2005,江苏，32)A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich,B,C.atwhich;where,35,历年高考真题再现,5.Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?Right,justtheone_youknowIusedtoworkforyears.(NMET2005,福建，35)A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what,6.Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,_shewantedtobe.(NMET2005,湖北，29)A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which,C,D,36,历年高考真题再现,7.Franksdreamwastohavehisownshop_toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.(NMET2005,湖南，27)A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how,8.Manypeoplewhohadseenthefilmwereafraidtogototheforestwhentheyrememberedthescenes_peoplewereeatenbythetiger.(NMET2005,广东，35)A.inwhichB.bywhichC.whichD.that,B,A,37,历年高考真题再现,9.Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,_hestudiedveryhardandwasmadChairmanoftheStudentsUnion.(NMET2005,重庆，32)A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime,A,38,历年高考真题再现,10.Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_hewentontoCambridge.(NMET2005,山东，30)A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis,C,11.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejob_theyarebeingtrained.(NMET2005,江西，25)A.inthatB.forthatC.inwhichD.forwhich,D,39,历年高考真题再现,12.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_thesailingtimewas22days.(NMET2004,全国卷I，28)A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich,A,13.TheEnglishplay_mystudentsactedattheNewYearspartywasagreatsuccess.(NMET2004,全国卷II，23)A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich,C,40,历年高考真题再现,14.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers_shehadwipedherhands.(NMET2004,全国卷III，23)A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that,A,15.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,_fivearemine.(NMET2004,全国卷IV，24)A.onwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich,C,41,历年高考真题再现,16.GeorgeOrwell,_wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.(NMET2004,北京，26)A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname,D,17._isreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.(NMET2004,北京，34)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What,B,42,历年高考真题再现,18.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungersonthantotheothers,_,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.(NMET2004,天津，23)A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which,D,19.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_theycantalkfrequently.(NMET2004,上海，36)A.whoB.asC.aboutwhomD.withwhom,D,43,历年高考真题再现,20.Thefactoryproduceshalfmillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,_80%aresoldabroad.(NMET2004,辽宁，35)A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat,A,21._isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.(NMET2004,江苏，33)A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As,D,44,历年高考真题再现,22.Anyway,thatevening,_Illtellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRachelsplace.(NMET2004,浙江，35)A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which,D,23.Therewas_time_Ihatedtogotoschool.(NMET2004,湖北，23)A.a;thatB.a;whenC.the;thatD.the;when,B.a;when,45,历年高考真题再现,24.Therearetwobuildings,_standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.(NMET2004,湖北，25)A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich,D,25.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_hesaidit.(NMET2004,湖北，29)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich,A,46,历年高考真题再现,26.Iworkinabusiness_almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.(NMET2004,湖南，23)A.howB.whichC.whereD.that,C,27.Icanthinkofmanycases_studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldntwriteagoodessay.(2003,上海，41)A.whyB.whichC.asD.where,D,47,历年高考真题再现,28._hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamsnextmonth.(NMET2003春，上海，32)A.ThatB.AsC.ItD.What,B,29.Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museums,andsomeotherplaces,_othervisitorsseldomgo.(NMET2002,北京，22)A.whatB.whichC.whereD.when,C,48,历年高考真题再现,30.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(NMET2002春，上海，26)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen,D,31.Isthisthereason_atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(NMET2002春，上海，35)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained,A,49,历年高考真题再现,32.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.(NMET2001，22)A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where,C,33._isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001，34)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What,B,50,历年高考真题再现,34.Dorothywasalw