大学语法之时态及被动语态

1.Whosknockingatthedoor?-Itsme.2.Heateallhisfood.3.Wehaveknowneachotherformanyyears.4.Hellbehimselfagaininnotime.5.Sheisthegirlwhosepaintingwonthefirstprize.6.Whatevershedidwasright.,1.Interrogativepronoun;personalpronoun2.Personalpronoun;indefinitepronoun;possessivepronoun3.Personalpronoun;reciprocalpronoun4.Personalpronoun;reflexivepronoun5.Personalpronoun;relativepronoun6.Conjunctivepronoun;personalpronoun,EnglishGrammar(第三讲时态和被动语态）,Unit3TenseandPassiveVoice,时态（Tense),一般现在时thepresentindefinitetense现在进行时thepresentcontinuoustense一般将来时thefutureindefinitetense一般过去时thepastindefinitetense现在完成时thepresentperfecttense过去进行时thepastcontinuoustense过去完成时thepastperfecttense过去将来时thepastfutureindefinitetense,一、一般现在时的注意事项,一般现在时除表示一种经常性或习惯性的动作，以及表示客观事物和普遍真理外，表示存在、从属关系、静止状态的词和表示感觉、认识、感情的动词也常用该时态，如：appear,belong,consist,contain,deserve,owe,possess,imagine,mind,remember,suppose,dislike,hate,desire,forget,recall,matter,care,want等等。,Iforgetwhenhepromisedtocome.IhearthatyouwenttoLondonlastweek.,现在进行式有时可以用来表示一种经常性的动作或状态。尤其和副词always,constantly,continually,forever,perpetually等词连用，表示所有的时间或任何时间里一个习惯性的不断重复的动作，这时往往带有厌恶、不满、责备、反对、惊奇、赞许等感情色彩。,-Heisalwaysdoubtingmyword.-Heisforeveraskingsillyquestions.,二、现在进行时的注意事项,三、一般将来时的注意事项,1在你与他共同工作之时，你会从他那里学到很多东西。,-Youwilllearnalotfromhimwhileyouareworking(work)withhim.,2树叶落完时，乡村的景色就大不相同了。,-Thecountrywilllookquitedifferentwhentheleaveshavefallen.,在时间状语从句与条件状语从句中的将来时态的表示方法要特别注意。,四、一般过去时的注意事项,一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻的动作或状态，但是在表示过去某一时间内经常的反复再现的习惯动作，常和一定的时间状语或频度状语连用，或使用would+动词原形，或者是usedto+动词原形的形式。,Whenwelivedinthecountry,wewenttotownveryoften.Peopleusedtoburncandlesinordertogetlight.Shewouldsitthereforhourssayingnothing.,Careydidntgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe_thebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.musthavelookedafterwouldhavetolookedafterhadtolookaftershouldhavelookedafter,C,五、现在完成式的注意事项,-Myelderbrotherhasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(Heisstillthere.)-Myelderbrotherwasinthearmyforthreeyears.(Heisnttherenow.),-Theoldmanhaslivedthroughfourgreatsocialrevolutions.,这位老人已经历了4次大的社会革命。（老人仍活在世上。）,-Theoldmanlivedthroughfourgreatsocialrevolutions.,这位老人一生中经历了4次大的社会革命。（老人现在不在人世了。）,要区分现在完成时和一般过去时的用法。,Thechangesthattook(A)placeinairtravelduring(B)thelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemed(C)completelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsat(D)theturnofthe19thcentury.,A,took改为havetaken,六、过去完成时的注意事项,过去完成时指“过去的过去”，强调一个动作先于另一个动作。两个动作的先后对比，一般要有上下文交代，或是有确定的过去时间状语，或是用在某些宾语从句里。如：Bythetimewegotthere,theplayhadalreadybegun.Ididntrealizethatthetimehadpassedsoquickly.,Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed_.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced,D,注1：在scarcelywhen,hardlywhen,和nosoonerthan句型中，主句动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。如果scarcely,hardly,nosooner放句首，则主句要用倒装语序。,-飞机一起飞我们才到达。-铃响时，我才写完练习。Wehadnosoonerarrivedattheairportthantheplanetookoff.HardlyhadIfinishedmyexerciseswhenthebellrang.,We_ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A.justhavehadB.havejusthadC.justhadD.hadjusthad,D,注2：hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,want一类动词，用于过去完成时可以表示未曾实现的希望、预期、意图、打算或愿望。如：1.我们原本希望小李改变主意。WehadhopedthatXiaoLiwouldchangehermind.2.他们本想参加我们的游戏，可是来不及赶到这里。Theyhadwantedtojoinusinthegamebutcouldntgethereintime.,七、将来完成时的注意事项,动词的将来完成时表示在将来某个日期或某个动作发生之前，而另一个动作将来要结束或完成,形式为“will/shall+have+动词的过去分词”结构。,BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.willhavestayedC.havestayedD.havebeenstaying,B,八、bythetime句型,Bythetime,现在时间概念,现在完成式,过去时间概念,过去完成式,将来时间概念,一般将来完成式,-Bynow,IhavelearntEnglishforfiveyears.-Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnttenlessons.-Bethetimeoftheyearof2009,wellhavefinishedourtask.,1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.havestayedC.willhavestayedD.Havebeenstaying,2.Bytheyear2012,scientistsprobably_acureforcancer.A.willbediscoveringB.arediscoveringC.willhavediscoveredD.havediscovered,C,C,Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey_.hadjustbeendreamingB.arejustdreamingC.havejustbeendreamingD.hadjustdreamt,C(现在完成进行时）,2.Thecompany_ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.ispromisedB.ispromisingC.hasbeenpromisedD.hasbeenpromising,D,3.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandsthathisfollowers_for.bedemonstratingforhadbeendemonstratingdemonstratehavedemonstrated,B,被动语态（passivevoice),一.被动语态的用法,当动词的执行者不必说出，不易说出或无从说出时常用此语态；当动作的承受者是谈话的中心，是突出、强调和特别注重的对象时常用此语态；当处于谦虚、礼貌、措辞圆通或简练等方面的考虑，常用此语态；,He_whenthebuscametoasuddenstop.wasalmosthurtB.wastohurthimselfC.washurthimselfD.washurtinghimself,A,Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpictures_inwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced,D,二、主动语态不能变成被动语态的情况,-Iborrowedthebook.（主）-Thebookwasborrowedbyme.（被）-Chinapossessesrichmineraldeposits.（正）-RichmineraldepositswerepossessedbyChina.(误）,1.某些表示所有，状态的动词不能变成被动语态，因为主语不是动作的执行者，宾语也不是动作的承受者。常见这类动词有become,contain,cost,fail,fit,get,have,hold,lack,last,own,possess,suit,weigh等。,这颗钻石重270克拉。-270caratswereweighedbythisdiamond.(误）-Thisdiamondweighs270carats.(正）,2.一些动词加名词构成的短语，常常用作不及物动词，所以不可变成被动语态,如：takeplace,breakoneswords,keepguard,killtime,loseheart,setsail等。,-Theeveningpartytakesplaceinourclassroom.-Theshipsetssail.-Theresultsbrokehiswordsfinally.,3.反身代词，相互代词，无意义的it等作宾语时，也不用被动语态。,-Weteachourselves.-Ourselvesweretaughtbyus.-Theyoftenhelpeachother.-Theyeachotherareoftenhelped.-Itsverynearandweanwalkitquiteeasily.-Itsverynearanditcanbewalkedquiteeasily.,4.当宾语是行为者身体的某一部分，某一器官时，不用被动语态。,-Hecaughtmebythearm.-Iwascaughtbythearmbyhim.(误）-Thecatwashedherfacewithherpaw.-Herfacewaswashedbythecatwithherpaw.(误）,5.动名词和不定式作宾语时，不用被动。,-HedeniedstealingwhatIlost.-ThemonitorsuggestedtoholdanEnglishevening.,6.抽象名词以及表示组织机构和地点的词语作宾语，不用被动。,-HejoinedtheYouthLeaguewhenhewasinthemiddleschool.-Hegotanidea.,三、某些动词以主动形式表示被动意义,1某些感官动词和系动词加形容词表示被动意义,如:look,smell,taste,feel,prove,wear,sound等.Theflowerssmellssweet.Thedishtastesdelicious.Cottonfeelsverysoft.Thestonehavewornsmooth.,2.某些及物动词后(加副词)也可以表示被动意义.如:wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,lock,peel,pack,play,shut,split,strike,record,act,clean,draw,iron等.Thetypeofrecordersellswell.Thatkindofshirtwashedverywell.Theflatletsfor600yuanamonth.,3.want,deserve,need,require,stand,takeworth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动表示被动的意义.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thecoatrequiresmending.Thechildrenneedlookingafter.Therulewilltakesomelearning.,4.某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义.Sheiseasytoapproach.Thepassageisdifficulttoread.,四、被动语态中的几个常用介词,by(agent)引导动作的执行者或施动者；with(tools)表示用某种工具；of(materials)表示由某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；from(substance)表示源于某种物质（制成品不可见原料）,ThearticlewaswrittenbyJack.Thepencilwassharpenedwithaknife.Thebridgeismadeofstones.Wineismadefromrice.,注：被动结构（系表结构）后也可视具体情况接其他介词。如：请你接电话。Youarewantedonthephone.人人都知道他。Heisknowntoeveryone.他因为粗心大意而受到责备。Heisscoldedforhiscarelessness.,“Home,sweethome”isaphrasethatexpressanessentialattitudeintheUnitedStates.Whethertherealityoflifeinthefamilyhouseissweetornosweet,thecherishedidealofhomehasgreatimportanceformanypeople.ThisidealisavitalpartoftheAmericandream.Thisdream,dramatizedinthehistoryoftheninet