programming in ANSI C-Chapter 4 Managing input and output operations

.,Chapter4ManagingInputandOutputOperations,PROGRAMMINGINANSIC,.,Chapter4,Chasntanybuilt-ininput/outputstatementsaspartofitssyntax.Allofinput/outputoperationsarecarriedoutthroughstandardinput/outputfunctions.e.g.printf()scanf()getchar()gets()printf()putchar()puts(),#include#includestdio.h,standardinputandoutput,.,getchar()putchar(character);,#includemain()charc;c=getchar();putchar(c);putchar(getchar();printf(%c,getchar();putchar(D);,abc,a,b,c,D,#includemain()charc;c=getchar();putchar(c);putchar(getchar();printf(%c,getchar();putchar(D);printf(%d,getchar();,10,.,printf()FormattedOutput,Form:printf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.printf(price=$%.2fn,amount=%d.,pr*am,am);ControlstringThecharactersthatwillbeoutputtedastheyappear.e.g.priceamount=$,.Escapesequencecharacters.e.g.nFormatspecifications.e.g.%f,%d,.,printf()FormattedOutput,Form:printf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.printf(price=$%.2fn,amount=%d.,pr*am,am);Theoutputtedexpressionlist:(arg1,argn)Therecanbenoanyexpressionormorethanoneexpression.Theyareseparatedbycomma.Inspiteofwhattypetheseexpressionsare,theyarealwaysoutputtedinspecifiedformat.,printf(%c,%d,97,a);Output:a,97,printf(%d,%u,32767+1,32767+1);Output:-32768,32768,.,Output:-3,65,Output:fffd,41,printf(%d,%i,-3,A);,printf(%x,%X,-3,A);,printf()FormattedOutput,Formatspecifications,Output:177775,%O,printf(%o,%O,-3,A);,Output:65533,%U,printf(%u,%U,-3,A);,Output:A,A,printf(%c,%c,65,A);,Output:Hello!,printf(%s,Hello!);,Output:123.450000,printf(%f,123.45);,Output:1.230000e+01,printf(%e,12.3);,Output:123.45,printf(%g,123.450);,Output:%,printf(%);,.,Output:12,printf(%3d,12);,Output:12.300000,printf(%3f,12.3);,Output:12.4,printf(%.1f,12.36);,Output:1.2,1.3,printf(%.1f,%.1f,1.25,1.251);,Output:ab,printf(%4.2s,abc);,Output:65536,0,printf(%ld,%d,65536,65536);,Output:A,A,printf(%2c,%-2c,A,A);,printf()FormattedOutput,Accessorialformatspecifications,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,formatspecifications%d,%i,%o,%x,%u,%c,%s,%f,%e,%gthesameasthoseinprintffunction.,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,Accessorialformatspecifications,e.g.scanf(%3d%f,input:12345.6789result:123i,45.6789f,e.g.scanf(%d%*d%d,input:123456.789result:123i,6.789f,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,SeparatorsWhenitreadintheintegersorrealnumbers,itdefaultsblankspaces,tabsornewlinesasseparators.,e.g.scanf(%d%d%f,input:1234567.89result:12n1,345n2,67.89f,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,SeparatorsItalsocanspecifyseparators,thatisthosecharactersexceptformatspecifications.Inthisway,theinputmustaccordwiththespecifiedformat,otherwisetheinputmostprobablyisreadinbyerrors.,e.g.scanf(%d,%d,input:12,345result:12a,345binput:12345result:12a,nothingb,e.g.scanf(a=%d,b=%d,input:a=12,b=345result:12a,345binput:12,345result:nothinga,nothingb,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,SeparatorsWhenitreadinacharacter,theblankspace,tabandnewlinecharacterarenolongerseparators,butasavalidcharacter.,e.g.scanf(%d%c,input:12aresult:12i,ch,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,Howtojudgeadataisfinished?If“scanf”readanintegerofrealnumber,whenitencountersablankspace,ortab,ornewlinecharacter,itconsidersthenumberisfinished.,e.g.scanf(%d%d%f,input:1234567.89result:12n1,345n2,67.89f,.,scanf()FormattedInput,Form:scanf(controlstring,arg1,argn);e.g.scanf(%d,%c,Howtojudgeadataisfinished?Whentheinputdataachievesthespecifiedfieldwide,“scanf”considersthedataisfinished.When“scanf”encountersanillegalcharacter,itconsidersthedataisfinished.,e.g.scanf(%3d%f,input:12345.6789result:123i,45.6789f,e.g.scanf(%d%c%f,input:123a456o.78result:123a,ab,456.0c,.,Program1,Readin2numbers,exchangethem,thenoutputthem.Step1:Declare3floatvariablesx,yandtemp.Step2:Read2realnumbersintoxandy.Step3:Exchangethem:x-temp(temp=x;)y-x(x=y;)temp-y(y=temp;)Step4:Outputthevalueofxandy.,.,Program1,main()floatx,y,temp;printf(Pleaseinputxandy:n);scanf(%f%f,Pleaseinputxandy:45.6Beforeexchange:x=4.00,y=5.60Afterexchange:x=5.60,y=4.00,.,Program2,Readinalowercaseletter,convertitintoitsuppercaseequivalent,andthenoutputtheuppercaseanditsASCIIvalue.Step1:Declareachartypevariablech.Step2:Readinalowercaseletterintoch.Step3:Convertitintoitsuppercaseequivalent.ch=ch32;orch=ch(a-A);Step4:OutputchanditsASCIIvalue.,.,Program2,#includemain()charch;printf(Pleaseinputalowercase:);ch=getchar();printf(Thelowercaseis%c,anditsASCIIvalueis%dn,ch,ch);ch=ch-32;printf(Theuppercaseequivalent