学术英语如何做演讲How to do a presentation.ppt

EffectivePresentations,演讲,Mainpoints,DefinitionofapresentationElementsofapresentationStructureofapresentationTacticsofapresentation,I.Whatisapresentation?,Apresentationispubliclyspeakingtoanaudiencewithintenttoinform,demonstrate,explainorpersuade.Thepresentationisnormallywritten,thenperformedandincludesanintroduction,abodyconsistingofmainpointsandaconclusion.Thesubjectmatter,choiceofwordsanddeliveryalldependontheaudience.Visualaidsareoftenincorporatedintothepresentation,ifmeaningfulandrelevant.Nearlyalltypesofspeechesfallintothreemaincategories-informative,persuasiveandmotivational.,II.Theelementsofapresentation,Thethreeelements:information,speaker,audianceInformationIrmationinapresentationislanguageinformation.AspeakerAspeakeristhesourceofinformation.Aspeakerconveysinformationwithlanguageandnonverbalsymbolsofauxiliaryinformation非言语符号的辅助信息withact,signal,gesture,expression.,audiance,Whoisyouraudiance?Aretheaudiancefamiliarwithyourtopicandthespeciltermsyoumightuse?whatbackgroundknowlededotheyhaveaboutyourtopic?Dotheyhaveanyparticularinterest?Howareyougoingtoinvolvetheminyourpresentation?Aknowledgeoftheaudiancesacademicbackgroundandinterestwillhelpyoudecidethechoiceofdetails.Whatisyourpurpose?Doyouwanttoinformyouraudiance,inspirethemtothinkaboutyourtopic,orconvincethemofaparticularpointofview?Differentpurposewillrequiredifferentstylesandcontent(persuasiveorinformative),演讲是一个双向沟通过程,演讲后,1.Whatisthepoint?-objectives,Whatmakesagoodpresentation?Listallthethingsyouthinkmakeagoodpresentation.,Purposesformakingapresentation,Todemonstrate:aservice,product,system.Tocreate:animage,strategy.Toentertain:colleagues,outsidepeople.Tosell:aconcept,product,idea.Topromote:anattitude,awayofworking.Tosuggest:asolution,anewconcept.,Checklist1.Overalla.Doesheconsidertheaudience?b.Doeshehaveaclearobjectiveandstyle(totell,tosell,toamuse)2.Systema.Ishispresentationwellprepared?b.Isthereaclearstructure(beginning,middleandending)?c.Doeshelinkthepartstogetherproperly?,d.Isthecontentrelevantandinteresting?e.Hasheconsideredthetiming?3.Deliverya.Doeshespeakclearly?b.Doeshespeakattherightspeedandusingtherightintonations?c.Doesheuseappropriatelanguage?4.Bodylanguagea.Doesheusehisbodytoemphasizemeaning?b.Doeshemaintaineyecontactwithaudience?c.Doesheappearconfidentandpositive?,5.Visualaidsa.Arethevisualaidsclear?b.Dotheysupporthismessage?c.Doesheusetheequipmentprofessionally?,Organizationofapresentation:IntroductionOutlineMainpartsConclusionReview,Preparationchecklist,Objectives:Recheckthatyouhavedefinedyourobjectivecorrectly.Structure:Yourpresentationhaveaclearlyidentifiablestructure?Content:Isallsaidthatneedssaying?Sequence:Isitlogical?Arealllinksandsummariesappropriate?Time:Issufficienttimeavailableforallyouwanttosay?Balance:Iseachsectionweightedcorrectly?Checktheprioritiesofyourargumentsandfacts.Conclusion:Doesitmakepeoplesitupandagreewithyou?Isitpunchy?Objectives:Alltheaboveworktowardsachievingyourobjective?,III.Structureofapresentation,I、StructuringapresentationAneffectivepresentationstructureincludes:1.Useaneffectiveopening2.Giveapreview3.Stateyourmainpointsclearly4.Useclearinnersummaryandsignalwordsfortransition5.Useaneffectiveclosing,2.Makingastart,Whichoftheitemsonthechecklistbelowwouldyouincludeintheintroductionto:a.aninternalpresentationtocolleaguesorbosses?b.aninternalpresentationtoteachersorclassmates?c.anexternalpresentationtoclientsorsupplies?d.anexternalpresentationtopublicaudiance?,Checklistyournameandposition/jobtitlethetitle/subjectofyourpresentationthepurposeofyourpresentationthelengthoftimeyouwilltakethemainpartsorpointsyouwillcoveranyvisualaidesyouwillusewhentheaudiencemayaskquestionsahumantouch,1.,1.Exercise:Listentothetape(P12)()Internalpresentationtocolleaguesatabudgetmeeting?()externalpresentationtodelegatesataprofessionalconference2.Completethepresentationintroductionwithwordsfromthelist:talkaboutlookatpointsofviewquestionsbrieffinallyhearactasgoalong,Goodafternoonandthankyouformakingtheefforttobeherewithustoday.MynamesRachelRawlinsandImresponsibleforpublicaffairs.WhatIdliketodotodayis_ourrecentcorporatecampaign.This_talkwillhopefully_aspringboardfordiscussion.Imgoingto_thecorporatecampaignfrom3_:firstly,thecustomers;secondly,thefinancialinstitutions;and_,theshareholders.Ifyouhaveany_,justinterruptmeasI_.Yourpointofviewmaywellbedifferent,andwedliketo_fromyou.,1)UseaneffectiveopeningGoalsTechniquesUsehumorRefertotheunusualRefertothefamiliarUseaudiencemotivationtechniques,2)Giveapreview3)StateyourmainpointsclearlyFollowyourpreviewLimityourmainpointsUseexplicittransitionsProvideinternalsummaries4)UseaneffectiveclosingGiveasummaryRefertotheopeningEndwiththeactionstepsRefertoaudiencebenefits,表4.1开头实例例1：提问“我想问一下在座的诸位，哪位知道过去24小时里在中国有多少孩子出生?”“我想知道，如果我告诉您，您的计算机在买进时已经过时，您有何感想?”例2：事实陈述“今天，我们市又有30个孩子的父亲因工去世这类死亡本可得到预防!”例3：提及“今天，这里的每一位都记得，当我们听到唐山大地震时的震惊和悲痛。”,例4：主题“我今晚要给您讲述令人激动振奋的xR5多用程序，然后告诉您这种电脑将如何改变您的经商方式。”例5：引用“一位伟人说：每个人的经历远远超过他的想像范围。不过，正是经验而不是想象，才影响人的行为。”例6:感染情绪“好心的人们，您只要掏五毛线，就可以使这个孩子活下去，直到下年的收获季节，那时他就可以养活自己。”,3Linkingtheparts,Differentwaysoforganizinginformationandideas:,company,money,people,assets,suppliers,cash,product,price,quality,staff,customers,fixed,intangible,mngmt,subordint,costs,Competition,Model1,CompanyI.MoneyA.angibleB.cashII.PeopleA.staffa.managementb.subordinatesB.customerC.suppliersIII.ProductA.qualityB.pricea.costspetition,Model2,Usetheinformationbelowtoprepareashortpresentation.Typeoftraining:TechnicalManagementTechnicaltrainingInformationtechnology(computers)Objective:tokeepatechnicaledgeoverthecompetitionTrainingforefficiencyTrainingforinnovation95%ofemployeesreceivesometechnicaltrainingManagementtrainingLeadership/teammanagementstrategiesObjective:torunanefficientbusiness3%ofemployeesreceivemanagementtraining,4Finishingoff,Signaltoendsummaryinvitationforquestionsrecommendation,CompleteJoannaspresentationnotes.Signaltoend_Summary_1._2._3._Recommendation_InvitationforQuestions_,Youaregoingtohearthefinalpartof4presentations.Decidewhichpresentationeachextractcomesfrom.Thesalespresentationbyasalesmantoagroupofprospectivecustomers()Thewelcomepresentation()Thenewideapresentation()Themotivationpresentationbypersonneldirectortonewemployees(),结尾实例例1：提问“所以，女士们，先生们，我要提请诸位思考一一如果有人告诉您，您正在受到这种疾病的困绕，您有何感想?”例2：提示“今天，在我们的节目里，我要使您认识到，我们需要有更强更专业化的经销活动。而实际上，通过向您展示一个等待我们未开发的巨大市场，我想我已实现了目标。”,例3：行动“我的建议已告诉诸位。时间已刻不容缓。如果我们想避免灾难，那就必须立即行动。要想保证公司未来的繁荣，希望各位不要再迟疑，行动起来!”例4：选择“在我看来，我们有三种选择：或者接受工会最后通牒；或者争取时间考虑我们的立场；或者采取最后行动。”例5：灌输忧患“所以，女士们，先生们，如果我们不能在下季度将销售额提高10，并保持这一增长水平一两年，那么我们公司将面临倒闭的危险。”,5.Puttingitalltogether,ClassicpresentationstructureIntroductionoutlinemainpartssummaryconclusion,AssessmentformforpresentationbeforethepresentationDefinetheaudienceClarifytheobjectives/purposePlanthecontentDesignsuitablevisualaidsControlthelengthFollowaclearstructureSummaryandconclusion,DuringthepresentationKeepeyecontactwiththeaudienceDontrush(remembertopause)Articulateclearlyandprojectyourvoice,III.Specialspeakingsituations1.ManuscriptspeakingUse“spokenstyle”WriteandeditPreparethemanuscript2.ImpromptuspeakingAnticipateKeepyourremarksshortOrganizeaswellasyoucanRelatetoexperience,3.TeampresentationsOrganizeasawholeProvidecontenttransitionsbetweenspeakersUsevisualaidsconsistentlyRehearseanddeliverasagroupAnswerquestionsconsistently4.MediaandtelecommunicationsPreparinginadvanceUsingaudiodevicesBeingoncamera,EXERCISE:,Prepareashortpresentationtolastfiveminutes.Youraudienceareyourclassmates,andthesubjectmatterisaboutsomethingthatyouhaveadeepinterestinoraboutwhichyouholdastrongconviction.,IV.Therightkindoflanguage,ChecklistEyecontactLanguagecomplexitysentencelengthuseofpauseimpersonalManneropenorclosed?interested?,Languagefocus:DeliveryandstyleTempo:varythespeedandpausefromtimetotimeVolume:dontshoutormurmurExpressiveness:varythepitchArticulation:dontrush,beclear,practicekeywordsbeforehand,Sentencelength:avoidreadingStyle:naturalEnglish,nowrittenEnglish,rmalLinkers:guidetheaudience;helpvarythepaceofyourpresentationEmphasizers:exaggeratealittletohelpgetyourmessageacrossmorepersuasively.,V.Visualaids,Checklist1.dontusevisualstorepeatwhatyoucansaywithwords.2.dontovercrowdvisualswithtoomuchinformation.3.payattentiontothesizes,fontsandcolorsofthewords.4.payattentiontostructureanddifferencebetweendifferentlevelsofthestructure5.dontreadfromvisuals,Makethesesentencestransitive.1.Oursalarieshaveremainedconstantforfiveyears.Thecompany_salariesatthesamelevel.2.Thetemperatureinthebuildinghasfallen.Thecaretaker_thetemperatureinthebuilding.3.Interestrateshaverisenoverthelasttwoweeks.Banks_theirinterestrates.4.Productionhasstayedthesameforsometime.Thecompany_productionatthesamelevel.5.Theaverageagehasdecreasedinthecompany.Recruitingpolicy_theaverageage.,Weoftenusenounphrasesinsteadofverbstodescribetrends.Forexample:Priceshaverisenconsiderably.Therehasbeenaconsiderableriseinprice.Changethefollowingsentencestoincludeanounphrase.Themarkethasexpandedslightly.Pricesaregoingtofalldramatically.Ourexportsalescollapsedsuddenly.Salesareincreasingsteadily.Salarieshavedroppedgradually.Profitswillcertainlyrisesignificantly.,VI.Bodylanguage,version1version2GeneralappearanceStanceandpostureHandspositionHandsgesturesEyecontactFacialexpressionMovement,Underlinetheexpressionsintheseextractswhicharestronglyemphasized.Thesecostcutsaregoingtocauseconsiderablepain.Weneedtodrawupaplanofaction.Ihaveputsomeideasontheboard.Thesearesomeofthemeasureswecouldconsider.Therearebroadlythreeapproaches.First,wecouldacceptthecutsandreducestaffdrastically.Secondly,wecouldfightandhopetoachievesomereductioninthelevelofthecuts.Orthirdly,andthisiswhatIsupport,wecouldputforwardanalternativeproposal.Now,thiswouldmean.,Languagefocus:emphasizingandminimizingEmphasizingMpletelyjustentirelyabitfairlyperhapsreasonablytendtoquitetosomeextent,Emphasizethemessage.Thishasbeenagoodyear.Wehavehadadifficulttime.Wehaveseenadisastrousdeclineinourprofits.Itwaseasytoachieveourobjectives.Theannouncementwasunexpected.Ivegotsomebadnews.,Completethesesentenceswithwordsthatminimizethemessage.We_seethingsdifferently._yourexperienceis_limited._,youreright.But_we_considerthelong-termview.Theres_time._we_discussthisquestionnow.,第三节演讲语言的运用技巧一、语言表达的三个基本要求,准确精炼上口入耳形象生动（如“望梅止渴”）比喻（林肯的著名演讲裂开的屋子）引用设问反问排比,Theuseofyourvoice,Isyourvoiceboring?Doyouspeakinamonotone,orvaryyourpitch?Isthespeedofyourdeliveryconstant?Varied?Doyoudropyourvoiceattheendofasentence?Isyourbreathingright?Doyourunoutofbreathinthemiddleofasentence?(Itaprobablytoolongthen!)Howdoyoumakeapointoremphasizeakeyissue?Doyouraiseyourvoice?Doyouspeakmoreslowly?Morequickly?Doyourepeatit?Doyouuselongwords?Shortwords?Longsentences?Why?When?Areyourwordswithinthevocabularyofyouraudience?Dotheyunderstandyou?Afteryournextpresentation,askafriendintheaudienceforconstructivefeedbackontheabovepoints.,二、有声语言的运用技巧,语气语调爱的感情：“气徐声柔”，漫和感憎的感情：“气促声硬”，挤压感悲的感情：“气沉声缓”，迟滞感喜的感情：“气满声高”，跳跃感惧的感情：“气提声凝”，紧缩感急的感情：“气短声促”，紧迫感怒的感情：“气粗声重”，震动感疑的感情：“气细声粘”，踌躇感,Yourbodylanguage,Doyoutalktotheaudience,ortothescreenbehindyou?