英语高级写作-cause and effectPPT课件

.,1,CauseandEffect,pengyu,.,2,Anothercommonpatternofessayorganizationiscalledcauseandeffect.Inacause/effectessay,youdiscussthecauses(reasons)forsomething,theeffects(results),orbothcausesandeffects.Youmightusecause/effectorganizationtoanswertypicaltestquestionssuchasthese:,.,3,Explainthedeclineinreadingabilityamongschoolchildren.Discusstheeffectsofglobalwarmingontheenvironment.DiscusshousepriceanditseffectsontheChineseeconomy.ExplainthecausesandeffectsoftheStockholmsyndrome.,.,4,Youcanorganizeacause/effectessayintwomainways:blockorganizationchainorganization.,.,5,blockorganization,Inblockorganization,youfirstdiscussallthecausesasablock(inone,two,three,ormoreparagraphs,dependingonthenumberofcauses).Thenyoudiscussalltheeffectstogetherasablock.Youcandiscusseithercausesoreffectsfirst.Ofcourse,youcanalsodiscussonlycausesoronlyeffects.,.,6,BlockOrganization,.,7,BlockOrganization,.,8,Task1,Workouttheoutlineoftheessaywithyourteammates.,.,9,ChainOrganization,Inthispattern,causesandeffectsarelinkedtoeachotherinachain.Oneeventcausesasecondevent,whichinturncausesathirdevent,whichinturncausesafourthevent,andsoon.Eachnewcauseanditseffectarelinksinachain.Dependingonthecomplexityoftheideasineachlink,youcandevoteanentireparagraphtoonelink,oryoumayincludeseverallinksinoneparagraph,oryoumaydescribetheentirechaininoneparagraph.Chainorganizationusuallyworksbetterthanblockorganizationwhenthecausesandeffectsaretoocloselylinkedtobeseparated.Noticethechainpatterninthefollowingdiagram.,.,10,ChainOrganization:HowFertileLandBecomesDesert,Peoplemovetonewareasandclearlandforagriculturebycuttingdowntrees.Thetreerootsnolongerholdthesoilinplace.Thetreerootsdonotholdthesoilinplace.Thetopsoilwashesawayduringheavyrains.Thetopsoilwashesawayduringheavyrains.Thereisnogoodsoiltogrowcropsin.Thereisnogoodsoiltogrowcropsin.Peoplemoveintonewareasandclearlandforagriculturebycuttingdowntrees.,.,11,Thetypeofcause/effectorganizationyouchoosedependsonyourtopic,Achainpatternisusuallyeasierifthecausesandeffectsareverycloselyinterrelated.Youmightuseachainpatterntowriteaboutthecausesofaparticulardiseaseorphenomenoninnaturesuchasathunderstormorarainbow.Theblockpatternisusuallyeasierwithlarger,complextopicssuchasglobalwarmingorhomelessness.Sometimesyouwillwanttouseacombinationofblockandchainorganization.,.,12,Cause/EffectSignalWordsandPhrases,.,13,.,14,Task2,Step1Underlinethepartofthesentencethatstatesacause.Step2Circlethewordorwordsthatintroducethecause.Step3Beabletodiscusstheuseofeachwordorphraseyouhavecircled.Whatkindofgrammaticalstructurefollowseachone?Noticeespeciallythedifferencebetweentheuseofbecauseandbecauseof,.,15,EffectSignalWords,.,16,.,17,Task3,Step1Underlinethepartofthesentencethatstatesaneffect.Step2Circlethewordorwordsthatintroducetheeffect.Step3Beabletodiscusstheuseofeachwordorphrasethatyouhavecircled.Whatkindofgrammaticalstructurefollowseachone?Howisthesentencepunctuated?,.,18,Task4,Step1Decidewhichsentenceineachitemisacauseandwhichisaneffect.WriteCforcauseorEforeffectnexttoeachsentence.Step2Combinethesentencesineachitemintoanewsentencethatshowsacause/effectrelationship.Usethecauseoreffectsignalwordorphrasegiventoformyournewsentence,andcircletheword.Youwillhavetoadd,delete,orchangewordsinmostsentences.,.,19,Thesearetheimportantpointsyoushouldhavelearnedfromthischapter.,1.Cause/effectorganizationisacommonpatterninacademicwritingtowriteaboutcauses(orreasons)andeffects(orresults).2.Therearetwocommoncause/effectpatternsoforganization.Inblockorganization,thecauses(orreasons)aregroupedtogetherinoneblock,andtheeffects(orresults)aregroupedtogetherinanotherblock.Theremaybeatransitionparagraphbetweenblocks.Inchain