法律翻译的一般原则

LegalTranslation,法律翻译的一般原则,法律翻译专题,Nevertheless,nothingisnowmoreobviousthanthatthecriterionofatranslation，whethercommunicativeorsemantic，mustbeitsmeasureofaccuracy，itsabilitytoreproducethegreatestpossibledegreeofthemeaningoftheoriginal：theheartofthemeaningbeingthemessageincommunicativetranslationthesignificance，theenduringvalueandimportanceinsemantictranslation(Newmark，1988：44),法律翻译专题,Mostnon-literarywriting，journalism，informativearticlesandbooks，textbooks，reports，scientificandtechnologicalwriting，non-personalcorrespondence，propaganda，publicity，publicnotices，standardizedwriting，popularfictiontherun-of-the-milltextswhichhavetobetranslatedtodaybutwerenottranslatedandinmostcasesdidnotexistahundredyearsago-comprisetypicalmaterialsuitableforcommunicativetranslationOntheotherhand，originalexpression，whetherthespecificlanguageofthespeakerorwriterisasimportantasthecontent，whetheritisphilosophical，religious，political，scientific，technicalorliterary，needstobetranslatedsemantically(Newmark，1988：66),法律翻译的六项应用型作业原则,1)准确性及精确性(AccuracyandPrecision)2)一致性及同一性(ConsistencyandIdentity)；3)清晰及简练(ClarityandConcision)；4)专业化(Professionalism)；5)语言规范化(StandardizedLanguage)；6)集体作业(TearmWork)。,1、准确性及精确性,要求及重要意义：ThelawyermustbemorepreciseinhiswritingthanalmostanyoneelseMostwriterscanexpecttheirworktobereadingoodfaith，thatis，withanhonestdesiretounderstandwhatwasmeantButthelawyermustwriteinconstantfearofwhatwemightcallthereaderinbadfaith，themanlookingforloopholesinthecontractsoastoavoidliabilityforhisfailuretoperform，thedisappointedheirwhowantsthewillreadinawaythatwoulddefeatthetestatorsintention，thecriminaldefendantwhowantsthestatuteinterpretedsoasnottocoverhisact，andalltheotherswhowillwanttotwistthemeaningofwordsfortheirownends(Chen，1992：164165),1、准确性及精确性,例l所有董事会成员须由合营方委派和撤换。(allthedirectorsshallbeappointedandreplacedbythepartiest0theventure)(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,例2如果买方对品质有异议，可以在货到目的口岸或收货后30天内向卖方提出索赔。(IncasetheBuyershavedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods，theBuyersmay，within30daysafterarrivalatthedestinationportordeliveryofgoods，fileaclaimagainsttheSellers,1、准确性及精确性,例3外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。(Iftheforeignjoint-venturercauseslossesbydeceptionthroughtheintentionaluseofbackwardtechnologyandequipment，heshallpaycompensationforthelosses)(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,正确译文应该如下：“Iftheforeignjointventurercausesanylossorlossesbydeceptionthroughtheintentionaluseofbackwardtechnologyandequipment，heshallpaycompensationthere-for”(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,例4ThedefenseproducedEXD1，amedicalreportwhichshowedthattheappellanthadsufferedabrasiontobothhands，armsandelbowsandclinicalfracturestobothlegsandarms(辩方将一份医生报告，证物D1，呈堂。报告指出上诉人双手，手臂及手肘都有擦伤，而且双手和双脚都有骨折。)(CourtInterpretersJournal,1996：11),2、一致性及同一性,法律文体一书的作者HenryWeihofen强调说：.exactnessoftendemandsrepeatingthesametermtoexpressthesameideaWherethatistrue，neverbeafraidofusingthesamewordoverandoveragainManymoresentencesarespoiledbytryingtoavoidrepetitionthanbyrepetition(Chen，1992：164165),2、一致性及同一性,TheCustomssupervisingfeesontheimportgoodsgrantedwithdutyreductionandexemptionandthatonthegoodsinbondshallbecollectedinaccordancewiththeCustomsRegulationsofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaGoverningtheCollectionofCustomsSupervisingFeesonImportGoodsGrantedwithDutyReductionorExemptionandtheBondedGoods(李文阳，1994：14),2、一致性及同一性,这是上海市涉外经济法规规章汇编中的一段规定。对照以下原文：“保税区的减免税货物、保税货物的监管手续费，应当按照中华人民共和国海关对进口减税、免税和保税货物征收海关监管手续费的办法办理。”,2、一致性及同一性,ForthepurposeofthisPart一(a)aninstrumentisfalseifitpurportstohavebeen(i)madeintheforminwhichitismadebyapersonwhodidnotinfactmakeitthatform；(ii)madeintheforminwhichitismadeontheauthorityofapersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsmakinginthatform；(iii)madeintermsinwhichitismadebyapersonwhodidnotinfactmakeitinthoseterms：,2、一致性及同一性,(iv)madeintermsinwhichitismadeontheauthorityofapersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsmakingonthoseterms；(v)alteredinanyrespectbyapersonwhodidnotinfactalteritinthatrespect；(vi)alteredinanyrespectontheauthorityofanypersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsalterationinthatrespect；,2、一致性及同一性,(vii)就本部而言(a)任何文书如有以下情况，即属虚假(i)该文书是以某种式样制成，并看来是由某人以该式样制成，但事实上该人并无以该式样制造该文书；(ii)该文书是以某种式样制成，并看来是获某人授权以该式样制造，但事实上该人并无授权以该式样制造该文书；(iii)该文书是按某些条款制造，但事实上该人并无按该等条款制造该文书；,2、一致性及同一性,(iv)该文书是按某些条款制成，并看来是获某人授权按该等条款制造，但事实上该人并无授权按该等条款制造该文书；(v)该文书看来曾由某人在某些方面予以更改，但事实上该人并无授权在该方面予以更改；(vi)该文书看来是获某人授权在某方面予以更改，但事实上该人并无在某方面予以更改；(vii)(LawsofHongKong，“CrimesOrdinance”，1996：44),3、清晰及简练,例5Thedistrictcourt，ontheotherhand，erroneouslyaddressedbutonewordoftheBankersBlanketBondthetermrealized一andthenthedistrictcourtmisapplieditbyerroneouslyconsideringwhether(theappellee)realizedabenefitandtheBanksufferedaloss，whichisnotaquestionundertheBankersBlanketBond；andoncethedistrictcourtfoundthattheBanksufferedalossitheldtheInsurerliablewithoutconsideringthelanguageoftheBankersBlanketBondasrelevanttotheissueofwhetherthat10sswascoveredundertheBankersBlanketBond(Faulk&Mehler，1994：5),3、清晰及简练,其实，这个句子总共包含四层主要意思：1)ThecourtreadonlyapartoftheBankersBlanketBond2)Thecourtreadthatpartincorrectly3)Andasaconsequence，thecourtfailedtofocusontheproperissueinthecase4)ThedispositiveissueinthecaseiswhetherthelosswascoveredundertheBond(Faulk&Mehler，1994：6),3、清晰及简练,试看以下改进的版本：Thedistrictcourtaddressedonlytheterm“realized”asusedintheBankersBlanketBondThenthecourtconsideredwhethertheappellee“realized”abenefitandtheBanksufferedalossAtthatpoint，thecourtincorrectlyheldtheInsurerliableTheissueiswhetherthatlosswascoveredundertheBond(Faulk8LMehler，1994：6),3、清晰及简练,例6Theremainderofthetestatorspropertyshouldbedividedequallybetweenallofournephewsandniecesonmywifessideandmyniece(李文阳，1994：1314),3、清晰及简练,改进后：Theremainderofthetestatorspropertyshouldbedividedequallybetweenallofournephewsandniecesonmywifessideasonepartyandmynieceasanother”,3、清晰及简练,例7TheservantsliabilitystemsfromthedutyowedtoathirdpersonunderthelawtoconductHIMSELFSOasnottoinjureothers(李文阳，1994：1314)改写成“TheservantsliabilitystemsfromthedutyowedtoathirdpersonunderthelawrequiringtheSERVANTtoactSoasnottoinjureothers”，就不会产生任何歧义。,3、清晰及简练,ClarityandconcisionoftengohandinhandNotranslatorsoflegaldocumentsshouldtrytoachieveclarityatthecostofconcisionOfcourse，wordinessisnotatestforclarityorobscurityAremovalofexcessivewordinesscanhelpclarifythemeaningoflegislationToooften，legalwritersincludeseveralimportantideasinonelong，complexsentenceTheresultisconfusionandmisunderstandingonthepartofthereaderInordertointerpretthelegaltextcorrectly，thereadermaybeforcedtorereadthesentenceSoitisadvisedtotrytouseshortsentencesforcomplicatedthoughtsindraftingthelegaldocuments(Faulk&Mehler，1994：5),3、清晰及简练,例8Morethan80percentofthe32，000commercialenterprisesinGuangdonginvolveHongKongbusinessmen，withICACintelligenceindicatingmanybribewithimpunity，throughlavishgifts，entertainmentandkick-backs(“LawCouldCoverBribesinChina”，1995),3、清晰及简练,译文甲：在广东省32，000间商业机构中，超过百分之八十与香港有生意上的往来。廉署情报人员指出这些生意上的往来涉及许多贿赂罪行，然而这些罪行并没有受到法律的制裁。贿赂专案包括赠送贵重的礼物、提供高档的娱乐招待以及给予巨额的现金回扣。译文乙：在32，000个广东商业机构中，八成以上有港商参与，据廉署情报显示，许多港商以大量馈赠、殷勤款待和丰厚回扣行贿，却能逍遥法外。,3、清晰及简练,例9ThecaseisadjournedfortheCrowntopreparetransferpaper译文甲：将案件押后以便控方准备提交地方法院审讯的文件。(22字)译文乙：将案件押后以便控方准备移审文件。(15字)(CourtIn。InterpretersJournal，1996：11),3、清晰及简练,例10律师一再强调法律面前人人平等。律师一次又一次强调所有的人在法律面前都是平等的。(CourtInterpretersJournal，1996：11),3、清晰及简练,