language and society.pptx

阁下何不乘风起,扶摇直上九万里,你咋不上天呢,浅谈LanguageandSociety,他，靠着被压榨的工资艰难度日,他，谈过两场恋爱,前一个是sociologist,后一个是sociolinguist,他，是一名遭遇中年危机的美国大学教授,直到有一天.,原以为生活就这么平平淡淡地过，,最后，两个sociolinguists结了婚,Um.WhereamI?,Um.Thereisaninn.,Letsgoandhavealook.,客栈中,你嗦你个娃儿有啥子用嘛，又没得钱，还不好好读书，你嗦你似不似没得个卵用？,娘希匹！格老子长得帅嘛.,阿弥陀佛,我们怀疑你这里有问题，妈的智障,施主，我看你骨质疏松，印堂发黑，快与我去庙里占上一卦，或许还能有救,Immanuel!（以马内利！）,无量天尊！,Heaskedyoutogowiththem.Otherwise,youwillbeindanger.,Pardon?,客栈的一角,Sohewenttothetemple.,哪来的腌臜泼蛇！吃洒家一杖！,这撮蛇恁地不经打，哥哥你看，被洒家一杖就死了,智深兄弟，且不要伤及无辜,寺庙中,你有权保持沉默。如果你不保持沉默，那么你所说的一切都能够用来在法庭作为控告你的证据。,呵呵，你们杀人了，我要告官府去！,医生女士，当某人在睡眠中死去时，绝大多数情况下是安静地死去，直到第二天早晨他才知道发生了什么事情，我说的对吗？,此事必有蹊跷.,病患所中是蛇毒，需锅灰一撮、大豆数颗以及马尿，以无根水调之，作成乌金丸一粒吞下即可。,公堂之上,威！,武！,威！,威！,武！,武！,他抬头看了看墙上的文字，若有所思.,那一瞬间，他明白了，他什么都明白了！,他回想起客栈老板娘和那几个客人.,那个大胡子同胞、那个拄拐杖的老头还有那两个和尚.,突然，律师和医生进来了，嘘寒问暖.,律师对他讲起那个胡子大汉和翩翩公子的事.,医生告诉他法庭上的对话.,突然，外面一阵闪电雷吼，他脑壳为之一“破”.,他终于走上了人生巅峰，提出了著名的语言变异理论，,也就是：phonologicalVARIATIONS（语言变异）,他忍不住哈哈大笑起来，声震屋宇,后几日，他在桌前奋笔疾书.,在“腾讯新闻”上发表自己的论文后，一炮而红.,HeconductedasurveyatseveraldepartmentsintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s.TheobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakerssocialstatusandtheirphonologicalVARIATIONS.,WilliamLabovsstudy,Amaximinsociolinguistics:“Youarewhatyousay.”(尔即尔所言)Somesocialfactorsthatinfluenceourlanguagebehaviourinasocialcontext:1)class2)gender3)age4)ethnicidentity5)educationbackground6)occupation7)religiousbelief,调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的r音的情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后r音的保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话的标志。TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity(1966)纽约英语的社会阶层性Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatternsofstratificationbyclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable.,Upperclass:America,cake,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,rich,scent,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaper,Lowerclass:theStates,pastry,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,wealthy,perfume,ill,settee,glasses,notepaper,SpeakerASpeakerBIdidityesterday.Idoneityesterday.Hehasntgotit.Heaintgotit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.,LanguageandGender,END,ThereexistsaWOMENREGISTER.Itsfeaturesinclude:1)womenusemore“fancy”colorterms:mauve,beige,aquamarine,lavender,magentaDifferencesbetweenwomenandmenhavealwaysbeenatopicofinteresttothehumanspecies.,2)womenuselesspowerfulcursewords(少用Goddamnit!Damn!Shit!Fuckyou!常用Oh,dear!Goodnessme!);a.Ohdear,youveputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.b.Shit,youveputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.,3)Womenusemoreintensifiers:terrible,awful,sogood,suchfun,exquisite,lovely,divine,precious,adorable,darling,fantastic.InPrideandPrejudice,MrsBennet,excitedafterparticipatinginaparty,talkedtoherhusbandaboutMr.Bingleyasfollows:,Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostexcellentball.Janewassoadmired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquitebeautiful,Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!,4)womenusemoretagquestions(Johnishere,isntit?);5)womenusemorestatementquestions(Dinnerwillbereadyatsevenoclock?);6)womenslinguisticbehaviourismoreindirectandmorepolitethanmens.Thesedifferencesinlanguageusearebroughtaboutbynothinglessthanwomensplaceinsociety.,Linguisticsexism语言性别歧视现象许多职业名称如doctor,professor,engineer等，人们习惯于把它们跟男性联系在一起。还有一些名称含有男性的语素-man，如chairman,congressman,spokesman,salesman等，也用来指女性。Man作为mankind的同义词指人类，男女性都包括在内。与之相呼应，英语的人称代词中，he(他)有时也可包括she(她)，例如：Aprofessorusuallyseeshisstudentsduringofficehours.,WilliamLabov(bornDecember4,1927)isaprofessorinthelinguistic