中国机械工程研究的进展与展望毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

1 英文文献翻译1.1 英文文献原文题目Progress and Prospect of research on Mechanical Engineering in ChinaIn twenty-first Century, human society faced four major problems: climate warming, resource depletion, population growth and environmental degradation. As time goes on, these problems will become more and more serious and insurmountable. People will find that ecology (the protection of the earth and the environment of human existence) may be more important than the economy. China will be the largest energy consuming country in the world. 20 years later, due to the depletion of oil and coal, the proportion of nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy and hydraulic energy will increase significantly. Manufacturing in the future is still one of the main means to create wealth of human civilization and promote human progress. The manufacturing industry is a pillar industry of the national economy, and it supports the other industries to promote ecological construction and economic growth. Faced with the above major problems, the manufacturing industry and its science and technology are facing severe challenges. Because China will realize the strategic transformation from manufacturing country to manufacturing power, to achieve this strategic transfer, the key lies in the innovation of manufacturing technology and its products. The competition between manufacturing industries is, in the final analysis, the competition of science and technology. Product innovation and independent brand building are important challenges for Chinas manufacturing industry.If we can correctly recognize, predict and face these challenges, take the strategy and strategy in time, and strengthen the original innovation and independent innovation of manufacturing technology and its products, China will become a powerful manufacturing country. Chinas high-end brand products will keep pace with the United States and Japan, and Chinas manufacturing industry will stand in the forest of the world.This article is the core of the comprehensive report of the 20082009 mechanical engineering discipline (mechanical manufacturing) development report compiled by the China Association for science and technology. This paper tries to make a review of the main new views, new theories, new methods and new technologies and achievements in the field of mechanical engineering in recent years. By using Delphy investigation and research analysis, the future of the development of the subject was predicted scientifically, and the development trend of the mechanical engineering discipline in the next 510 years and even longer period was prospected, and the priority areas and important scientific and technological problems in the future development of the discipline of mechanical engineering in China were put forward. Due to the limitations of time, information and knowledge, the omission and errors in this article are welcome.The definition and scope of mechanical engineering discipline is the science of the theory, method and technology of the performance, design and manufacture of mechanical systems and products, including two fields of mechanics and manufacturing science.Mechanics is a science that studies the mechanical structure and system performance and its design theory and method, including the mechanism, transmission, dynamics, strength, tribology, design, bionics, micro mechanics and interface mechanics involved in the manufacturing process and the mechanical system.Manufacturing science is the science of manufacturing processes and systems. It covers product design, forming and manufacturing (casting, plastic forming, joint forming, mold manufacturing, surface engineering, etc.), processing and manufacturing (ultra-precision machining, efficient processing, non-traditional machining, complex surface processing,measurement and instrument, equipment design and manufacturing, surface functional structure manufacturing, micro nan manufacturing, biomimetic and raw material production). The science of the operation and management of the manufacturing system2. Review of the progress of mechanical engineering research in ChinaMechanical engineering research is an inexhaustible source of advanced manufacturing technology. The main driving force for promoting the independent development of Chinas manufacturing industry is advanced manufacturing technology. Advanced equipment for aerospace and national defense is almost entirely based on independent innovation technology. In aviation, vehicles, home appliances, microelectronics, light industry, petrochemical, construction machinery and other manufacturing industries, independent innovation technology and independent brands are also increasing.Under the support of the National Natural Science Foundation, mechanical engineering research has made a series of outstanding progress and original achievements in recent years. It provides a large number of new theories, new techniques and new methods for Chinas mechanical engineering and economic construction, which has produced important effects at home and abroad, and some areas have occupied a place in the international academic circles.2.1 field of TribologyNanotribology, biotribology, tribology and interface Tribology in extreme environments are the main trends and frontiers of Tribology in recent years.Wen Shizhu and Luo Jianbin found a transition zone between dynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication, and proposed the concept of film lubrication, the invention of nano film measurement technology, and the establishment of the physical and theoretical model of film lubrication. The study of film lubrication has built a bridge between dynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication, which is considered as an important contribution to the research of lubrication by the famous expert GRANICK in the world. The National Key Laboratory of tribology has recently established the theoretical model of fast adhesion and desorption in house lizard crawling, and coupled the theory of molecular membrane gas lubrication with the effect of surface force in the relationship between the micro adhesion and the biological movement of the nano scale interface. The effect of van Edward force on the flight characteristics of the magnetic head in the motion equation of the magnetic head was found. In the study of interface drag reduction, the new theory and new technology of micro vortex, micro convex body and micro cavitation drag reduction are put forward in the study of interfacial drag reduction, which has greatly reduced the friction resistance of the surface. This technology has been successfully applied to important national projects.In view of the large number of fretting failure problems occurring in the project, Zhou Zhongrong research group discovered the theory of tangential micro mixing area, the establishment of operating conditions and the micrograph theory of materials, proposed the mechanism of composite microdynamic damage, developed and perfected the theory of microdynamic tribology, and in biological tribology, especially in the Tribological Study of natural teeth. The micro texture and the mechanism of friction and wear of the natural teeth were revealed, and the wheel rail friction study was carried out in the system. The wheel rail corrugation was found in the experiment for the first time. The formation mechanism of wheel rail corrugation was analyzed in theory and test, and an important breakthrough was made in 5.Liu Weimin and other nano solid lubrication technologies developed successfully play an important role in Chinas aerospace engineering. Due to a series of outstanding academic achievements and achievements, tribology has become one of the most influential subjects in the international academic circles.Robotics fieldThe mechanism of parallel robot is one of the hot topics and frontiers of international institutions in the past 20 years. It is also one of the most important research fields of academic influence in our country. Huang Zhen, peak and so on 6 take the helix theory, Li Qun and the set theory as mathematical tools, and put forward the general month of May 2009 ray Geni of the combination of less freedom and combined structure: the 3 nature method and the general freedom calculation formula, the main helix analytic recognition model, the first and two order motion shadows in Chinas mechanical engineering research. The coefficient of response model, as well as the performance and component scale space model. Using the above theory to synthesize dozens of new institutions, develop multidimensional force sensors, micro operation robots, and earthquake simulators, and provide important theoretical basis for the independent design of forging manipulator, servo press, electric shovel and so on.such as Huang Tian and Wang Jinsong, put forward the method of modeling less freedom and universal Jacobi matrix based on linear space theory, and a variety of performance evaluation and parameter optimization design including motion / force transmission characteristics and high quality scale domain. The kinematic calibration, trajectory planning, motion / force control and dynamic performance are conquered. Detection and other key technologies. With the above theory and key technology, a large number of engineering equipment, such as 5 axis linkage machine tool, flight simulator, flexible support equipment, high-speed packaging robot, 5 degree of freedom joint robot operation unit, are developed for 5 axis linkage, and the large hydropower impeller processing, radio telescope major scientific engineering and lithium ion battery life are developed. The production line has been successfully applied.Zong Guanghua and so on, set up a design theory of flexible parallel micro mechanism with flexibility matrix as the core, and developed a number of micro nano operation / assembly parallel flexible platform, such as Dai Jiansheng and Ding Lun Lun, revealed the topological evolution of the spatial metamorphic mechanism, and promoted the development of spatial structure. Sun Lining and other macro micro integrated flexible parallel micro motion platform based on large stroke flexure hinges are proposed. On the platform of planar 3 degree of freedom parallel compliant mechanism, Zhang Xianmin and other low coupling precision positioning mechanisms, which consider the natural frequency, maximum stress and maximum driving force, have been applied in the electronic manufacturing equipment.2.3 field of mechanical dynamics Nonlinear dynamics, fault prediction and intelligent maintenance of complex electromechanical systems are frontier research fields of mechanical dynamics.In the bifurcation study of high dimensional nonlinear systems, Chen Yushu has proposed the constraint bifurcation theory, the time variant generation systems security domain erosion theory and the nonlinear rotor system stability quantitative analysis method. The series methods and techniques of the nonlinear fault diagnosis of the rotor system are put forward to solve the vibration of more than ten generating units in China. Its a difficult problem.Wen Bangchun and so on first put forward the concept of vibration and utilization engineering in the world, and put forward the theory of probability and equal thickness sieving, vibration synchronization and control synchronization. By using the dynamic design method, dozens of engineering vibration machines have been designed and developed, and the engineering subject of vibration utilization is created. In view of the problem of rotor vibration of large unit, Qu Liangsheng and so on, put forward the concept of hologram spectrum, found the performance of the rotor balance process on the hologram spectrum, and put forward the method and technology to identify and diagnose the fault of the unit and realize the dynamic balance of the rotor holography by the hologram spectrum technology, and play an important role in the fault analysis and diagnosis of the unit. Hu Haiyan studied three kinds of typical nonlinear vibration control systems. The bifurcation mechanism and control method of the vibration control system with time delay control system dynamics and elastic constraints, the modeling and control method of the hysteretic damping vibration control system were proposed. It was evaluated and quoted by the domestic and foreign academics. The American control expert SCHA ECHTER is rated as a refreshing system approach.Zhai Wanming proposed and perfected the locomotive vehicle track system coupling dynamic model called Zhai. Sun model in the international academic circle, developed the locomotive vehicle track coupling dynamic simulation system and the safety field test evaluation system of independent intellectual property rights, and applied it to the development and design of railway locomotives in China and railway lift. In the rapid reconstruction project, great economic and social benefits have been achieved.2.4 field of mechanical transmissionHigh speed, high efficiency, low energy consumption, low pollution, high intelligence and miniaturization are the frontiers of mechanical transmission and control research in recent years. Ultrasonic motor is a new type of micro motor based on the piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic vibration. It breaks through the principle of the traditional electromagnetic effect motor. It has the advantages of large torque weight ratio, simple structure, fast response and low noise. Its research involves vibration, tribology, materials science, electronics, control and ultra precision machining. The Zhao Chunsheng research center puts forward the system theory and design method in the motion mechanism of ultrasonic motor, electromechanical coupling model, structural parameter optimization, drive and control technology, etc. More than 30 kinds of new traveling wave, standing wave ultrasonic motors and drivers have been invented and developed. Many products have been used in important projects. Professor WALLASCHEK, a famous German expert, commented that 4 is one of the most powerful research institutions in China and even the world.In the study of high speed and ultra precision motion control, Chen Xuedong first discovered and clarified the mechanism of air bearing cyclone phenomenon, proposed the calculation and control method of the support stiffness and damping of air floating gas film, and the driving system analysis and control software has been used in the development of the drive system of large-scale integrated circuit lithography machine in our country. In the middle. Aiming at the pollution problem of river and sea caused by bearing precious metal and oil as lubricant in the propulsion system of ship, a new type of composite material water lubricated seal bearing is put forward in Wangs order. The influence of load, speed, time, clearance and temperature on the friction and wear properties of water lubricated rubber bearing is revealed. A water lubricated rubber alloy bearing with multiple curved surfaces and circular arc grooves is invented. Because this kind of bearing saves a lot of precious metals and uses natural water to make oil as lubricant, it greatly reduces the pollution of river water, and has been widely used in the transmission system of ships at home and abroad.141.2中文翻译中国机械工程研究的进展与展望21 世纪人类社会主要面临四大问题：气候变暖、资源枯竭、人口增加、环境恶化。随着时间的推移，这些问题将变得越来越严峻而不可逾越。人们将会发现：生态(地球的保护和人类生存环境)可能比经济更为重要。中国将成为世界最大能源消耗国。20 年后，由于石油、煤的枯竭，核能、太阳能、地热能、风力能、水力能的利用占整体能源的比重将会大增。未来制造仍然是创造人类文明财富、促进人类进步的主要手段之一。制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，它与其他产业相互支撑而推动生态建设和经济增长。面对上述重大问题，制造业及其科学技术面临着严峻挑战。 由于中国将实现从“制造大国”向“制造强国”的战略转变，要实现此战略转移，关键在于制造技术及其产品的创新。制造业之间的竞争，说到底是科技的竞争。产品的创新和自主品牌的打造是中国制造业面临的重要挑战。 如果我们能正确认识、预测和面临这些挑战，及时采取应对战略和策略，大力加强制造科技及其产品的原始创新和自主创新，中国就可成为制造强国，中国高端品牌产品将可与美日欧并驾齐驱，中国制造业将立于世界之林。 本文是中国科协组织编著的“20082009 机械工程学科(机械制造)发展报告”中综合报告的核心内容。本文力图站在学科前沿和国家战略需求的高度，对机械工程学科近年来产生的主要新观点、新理论、新方法和新技术进展及成果进行评述。采用德尔菲调查和研究分析，对学科发展未来进行了科学预测，展望了今后 510 年，甚至更长时期机械工程学科的发展趋势，提出我国机械工程学科未来发展的优先领域、重要科技问题。由于时间、信息和知识的局限，文中存在的遗漏和错误之处，欢迎指正。 1 机械工程学科的定义和范围 机械工程学科是研究机械系统和产品的性能、设计及制造的理论、方法和技术的科学，包括机械学和制造科学两大领域。机械学是研究机械结构和系统性能及其设计理论与方法的科学，包括制造过程及机械系统所涉及的机构学、传动学、动力学、强度学、摩擦学、设计学、仿生机械学、微纳机械学及界面机械学等。制造科学是研究制造过程及其系统的科学。它涵盖产品设计、成形制造(铸造成形、塑性成形、连接成形、模具制造、表面工程等)、加工制造(超精密加工、高效加工、非传统加工、复杂曲面加工、测量及仪器、装备设计及制造、表面功能结构制造、微纳制造、仿生和生物制造)和制造系统运作管理等科学3。 2 我国机械工程研究进展综述 机械工程研究是先进制造技术的不竭源泉。推动我国制造业自主发展的主要驱动力是先进制造技术，航天和国防先进装备几乎完全立足于自主创新技术。在航空、车辆、家电、微电子、轻工业、石化、工程机械等制造业，自主创新的技术和自主品牌也越来越多。在国家自然科学基金等的资助下，机械工程研究近年来取得了一系列突出进展和原创性成果，为我国机械工程和经济建设提供了大批新理论、新技术和新方法，在国内外产生了重要影响，有的领域已在国际学术界占有一席之地。 2.1 摩擦学领域 纳米摩擦学、生物摩擦学、极端环境下的摩擦学和界面摩擦学是近年来摩擦学的主要发展趋势和前沿。 温诗铸、雒建斌等发现在动力润滑和边界润滑之间存在一个过渡区，提出了薄膜润滑的概念、发明了纳米薄膜测量技术、建立了薄膜润滑的物理和理论模型。薄膜润滑研究架起了动力润滑和边界润滑之间的桥梁，被国际上著名专家 GRANICK 等评价为“是对润滑研究的一个重要贡献”。摩擦学国家重点实验室近来又在纳米尺度界面微观粘着摩擦与生物运动的关系中，建立了壁虎爬行中快速粘附和脱附理论模型；将分子膜气体润滑理论与表面力作用相耦合，发现了磁头运动方程中范德华力对磁头飞行特性的影响规律，使磁头滑块的承载能力和俯仰转矩明显减小，改善了磁头飞行运动的稳定性；在界面减阻研究中，提出了微旋涡、微凸体、微空泡减阻新理论及新技术，大幅度降低了表面摩擦阻力，该技术已经成功用于国家重要工程中4。 周仲荣研究群体针对工程中出现的大量微动失效问题，发现了切向微动混合区域、建立了运行工况和材料的微动图理论，提出了复合微动损伤机制，发展和完善了微动摩擦学理论；在生物摩擦学，特别在自然牙的摩擦学研究中，揭示了自然牙的微观织构及其摩擦磨损机制；结合高速铁路中的轮轨关系问题，系统开展了轮轨摩擦学研究，首次在试验中发现了轮轨波磨现象，从理论和试验上深入分析了轮轨波磨的形成机制，取得了重要突破5。 刘维民等将研制成功的纳米固体润滑技术用于我国航空航天工程，发挥了