割草机的发展毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

1英文文献翻译1.1 The evolution of the lawn mower In the beginning, there was grass, and the sheep ate the grass. The grass was short, and it was good.But not very efficient. So, until the 1830s, the few land-owners who had turf lawns and wanted to keep them trimmed used scythes or shears to chop turf to acceptable heights.Then, Englishman Edwin Budding observed a cutter used in cloth factories for removing the nap from fabric. What if he took the same concept and built a machine that would cutgrass?In the 170 years since Budding created his grass-cutting contraption, the lawn mower has evolved from a heavy, hard-to-maneuver machine into a diverse family of equipment with assorted features and differing levels of speed and cutting precision.The invention also transformed the look of residences, parks and fields around the world. Manicured lawns were no longer limited to the estates of aristocrats with the simple and affordable cutting machines, most middle-class homeowners could maintain healthy and attractive lawns to enhance their properties.Buddings brainstorm：Around 1830, gardeners typically used scythes to trim turf. For the best results, the job had to be done when the ground was wet with dew-early in the morning or late at night. A less-than-careful effort might leave tell-tale, unattractive marks from the scythe.When Buddings idea became a reality, it freed the workers to cut tur fat more convenient hours. Budding and his partner received a patent in1830 for his lawn mower.“Country gentlemen may find in using my machine themselves an amusing, useful and healthy exercise,”Budding said in his patent documents.The machine was crude by modern standards. It consisted of a rear roller and a cutting cylinder in front. Gears sent power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. It was difficult to use-in many cases, two persons were needed: one to push, one to pull.In time, others expanded on Buddings inspiration. There were machines that could be pulled by horses or other beasts of burden; models using chains instead of gears to drive the cutting unit, and side wheel mowers, in which the wheels them-selves drove the cutting cylinder.By the 1870s, lawn mowers had be-come so simple to use and reasonably priced that they were becoming more common in American landscapes.Power：Lawn mowers were only as effective. as the strength and stamina of the person or animal pulling or pushing the machine. That began to change in the 1890s, as inventors and manufacturers looked at ways to bring engine power to lawn mowing.A steam-powered mower was introduced in the 1890s, but it was heavy noisy and hard to control and maneuver. Just after the turn of the century, gasoline-powered machines became available and unlocked the door to productivity.Powerful engines could push or pull more blades and provide a better cut. Gang mowers several cutting units pulled by a tractor-became common for cutting turf in parks and on golf courses. As cutting widths and productivity expanded, riding mowers became commonplace. Cutting units could be found at the front of a rear-engine mower, or at the rear of a tractor-driven unit.Engine power also made rotary blades more feasible on mowers. Engines could provide the power to spin the rotary blade fast enough to cut the turf effectively. Rotaries became more popular after World War II, as engines became cheaper and more powerful, and the accelerating migration to the suburbs meant more people had larger lawns to maintain. Rotary machines were cheaper to make and maintain.Other innovations：Manufacturers have continued to strive to make mowers that are easier to use, more comfortable and provide a better cut.Machines are available with hydraulics that put more power and precision in a landscaper s hands. Mowers can mulch grass clippings and spare workers the chore of raking and cleaning after the lawn is cut. Units with pneumatic tires have a light foot-print and allow mowers to traverse delicate ground such as golf greens.By using levers instead of a wheel to steer a mower，zero-turn mowers al-low you to maneuver around obstacles and cut turf in areas that more conventional machines cant reach.Manufacturers are continually studying technological developments to see how they can build a better mower.The future：If youre wondering what you might see in the lawn mowers of the future, keep your eyes on the road. Many of the improvements in lawn equipment stem from the auto-motive industry. We have to wait for the automotive industry to come up with the innovations and improvements, says Peter Whurr, vice president of product management for Textron Turf Care and Specialty Products. We do not have the huge volume they do. Lawn mowers are built in the hundreds as opposed to the thousands.And, as automobiles have incorporated more computer technology into their systems, so will lawn mowers.Computing is becoming incredibly fast and cheap, says Dana lonn, di-rector of the Toro Co.s Center for Advanced Turf Technology. Break throughs in satellite technology. Such as global positioning systems (GPS)and remote imaging, will alow you to sense exactly where turf needs to be mowed.That will not only improve the efficiency of your work force, but also lessen the effect on the environmentYou will use technology to help you do only what you need to do only where it needs to be done, says Lonn.Satellite systems will also be able to enhance equipment maintenance and anticipate breakdowns.There is more and more talk about zero down time, says Bob Tracinski business communications manager for John Deeres Worldwide Commercial& Consumer Equipment Division. The trend is toward design durability in equipment that gets so much use.He says a black box equipped with a computer chip can be installed in a mower to monitors parts susceptible to wear and breakdown. When a part begins to show signs of fatigue or damage, the chip can transmit the in-formation to a GPS satellite, which can notify a dealer.The dealer can get a new part out to the job site before the operator even knew there was a problem, says Tracinski.The same technology will deter theft because the satellite will be able to detect where every piece of equipment is. It will allow landscape companies to map the most efficient ways to go from job to job, which will reduce crews down times.The technology is doable. Says Tracinski. Its just a matter of getting the cost down.Quiet and comfort：Lawn mowers of the future will be environmentally friendlier, more comfortable, easier to use and have safety features better integrated into the design. Manufacturers will place greater emphasis on ergonomic design.With the labor shortage in the land-scaping industry. people need to work longer hours, and they want riding equipment that is more comfortable to operate, says Tracinski. That means features like higher-back seats and lower noise levels, controls properly placed, things color-coded, easy on-and-off switches.Companies are continuing to pursue alternative fuel sources for mowers to reduce air and noise pollution. Concerned about the effect that emissions from lawn mowers and other lawn and garden equipping are affecting the atmosphere, the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency is toughening emission standards for small engines such as those used on lawnmowers.“Youll see significant changes in this area,” says Lonn. Mowers will have fuel cells instead of gasoline or diesel engines.Batteries and fuel cells will progress. On the point that they will be able to provide enough power to trim turf without rousing the neighborhood from its sleep.The noise would be so low that you wouldnt even know a landscaper was out there working, says Whurr.For example, Metallic Power(Carlsbad, Calif.) has agreements with Briggs Stratton, Toro and Textron for development of vehicles that use its zinc/air fuel cells. Units powered by fuel cells may be available in the next several years. They will be quiet and emission-free and should have enough power to fit well into regular maintenance operations.Tracinski says that the industry is working to make that do not get in the way of a landscapers job safety features an integral part of the lawnmower.There is a tendency for some commercial operators to bypass safety is-sues to increase productivity, says Tracinski. Companies try to build in safety in such a way that it is not seen as an obstacle to productivity.In the same vein, manufacturers are striving to make lawn mowers simple to operate even for someone with no experience or mechanical back-ground. The labor shortage means its notal ways possible to have someone with a knowledge of mechanics, or even speak English, says Tracinski. We are working to make the controls easy to operate and learn, so that a worker is ready to mow immediately.A robotic herd：Computers will also create smarter machines such as robotically con-trolled mowers.They re out there in their infancy says Whurr. You could be up on the porch putting your feet up while the mower does the job itself Manufacturers need to resolve several safety issues before machines can be sent out on their own. But they are close.Were not that far away from having completely autonomous ma-chines, says Lonn. A machine will know where it is, will know how to avoid collisions. You can plan ahead what it is supposed to do.Instead of five workers each riding a mower on a job, one worker with robotic controls could operate four or five mowers at the same time, much like a shepherd watching a flock of sheep.And the robots will eat the grass and it will be good.1.2 剪草机的发展起初，羊吃草可以使草保持很短，并且比较美观。 但是，这并非十分有效的修草方式。 因此，直到十九世纪三十年代，少数的草地拥有者使用长柄大镰刀或者剪刀修剪草坪到合适的高度,使它们处于修整状态，。 随后，英国人EdvinBudding发明了用于造布工厂中的一种刀具。什么使他有这样的想法并且制造一台割草机？在170年里，自从Budding发明了第一台割草机以来，草坪剪草机已从原来笨重的机器转变为具有多种特性和不同切割速度、精度的家用设备。此发明也改变了住宅，公园和土地草坪区域的外观。修剪草坪不再使用简单和老套的切割机器,再也不是局限于贵族间的行为。大多数中产阶级也可以拥有健康，具有吸引力的草坪，提高他们的资产。Budding的创意：在十九世纪三十年代前后，园丁使用长柄大镰刀修整草地。为了产生最好的割草结果，应该在一大清早或者深夜地面因为露水而变得潮湿时进行工作。稍不小心就会由长柄大镰刀留下不开心的印记。当Budding的想法成为现实之后，可安排工人在方便时候削减草地。同时，在1830年Budding和他的团队因为草坪修剪机获得了专利。“使用我的机器，人民可以进行愉快的，有用的，健康的工作”，Budding在他的专利文件中说。机器制作是比较粗糙的。它的后面有一个辊子和前面有一个切割的圆筒。机器把动力从后部辊子滚筒传递到切割的圆筒。在大部分情况下操作困难，需要两个人配合：一个推，另一个拉。没过多久，在Budding的创意上进行了改进。有马或者其它驮畜拉的机器；用链子代替齿轮驱动切割单元，轮子自己驱动切割圆筒。十九世纪七十年代，草坪剪草机曾经变得那样简单实用而且价格合理，以至于他们在美国人美化环境中变得更必不可少。草坪剪草机修剪草坪比人类自己修剪更加有效。在十九世纪90年代，剪草机开始发生改变，发明者和制造商把发动机运用到草坪修剪机。在1890年，提出利用蒸汽的剪草机，但是它相对较重，有噪声，控制和调动困难。就在世纪之交之后，使用汽油机的机器使用，也成为生产部门的主要生产对象。强大的引擎能带动更多刀片并且更好的削剪。乘坐式切割对于切割高尔夫球场上草地时，与一辆拖拉机配合组成整体的切割机。为了提高切割速率，割草机已变得必不可少。切割单元连接在割草机的前部-利用引擎剪草，或者连接在一辆拖拉机传动装置的后面。引擎装置在剪草机上使旋转的刀片更切实可行。引擎能提供足够的旋转动力使刀片有效地快速地切割草地。当引擎装置变得较便宜和更强大时，在第二次世界大战之后变得更流行，而人们不断的迁居也使更多人们拥有较大的草坪。旋转式剪草机也一直保持价格低廉。影响：割草机也同样有效。作为人或动物拉或推机器的力量和耐力。这在19世纪90年代开始发生变化，因为发明家和制造商们都在寻找将引擎动力带到割草机上的方法。一台蒸汽动力割草机在19世纪90年代引入，但噪音大，难以控制和操纵。在本世纪初之后，汽油动力的机器变得可用，开启了生产力的大门。强大的发动机可以推动或拉动更多的刀片，并提供更好的削减。割草机割捆的割草机在公园和高尔夫球场切割草坪时变得很普遍。随着切割宽度和生产率的提高，骑马割草机变得司空见惯。切割单元可以在后引擎割草机的前部或拖拉机驱动单元的后部找到。发动机功率也使得旋转叶片在割草机上更为可行。发动机可以提供旋转叶片足够快的动力来有效地切割草坪。在二战后，随着发动机变得更便宜和更强大，轮转车变得更加流行，而向郊区的加速迁移意味着更多的人拥有更大的草坪来维持。旋转机械的制造和维护成本较低。其它革新：制造厂已继续努力制造较容易使用并且提供一个更好的削减方式的剪草机。机器由液压驱动，动力更强劲，园艺师操作精度更高。在草坪被切割后，新型剪草机能用收集装置收集剪下的碎草，免去了工人耙草和清扫的工作。带有气动轮胎的剪草机不会在草坪上留下压痕并且允许剪草机横穿草坪比如绿色的高尔夫球场。通过使用控制杆调节轮子来驾驶一台剪草机，可以让旋转式剪草机到达许多常规的机器不能到达的区域，并且能穿越障碍在草地上各处随意调动。制造厂连续不断地学习技术革新，看他们如何建造一个较好的剪草机。发展趋势：如果你想知道你可能在未来的剪草机中能看见的，请你拭目以待。在草坪设备中的许多改进源自于汽车工业。 “我们不得不等候汽车工业提出技术革新和改进”，德事隆公司的草坪产品管理的副总经理彼得说。“我们没有他们做的数量大。相反，无数草坪剪草机在百年间才被制造”。同时，当汽车已将更多计算机技术应用到他们的系统中时，草坪剪草机也是如此。 “计算机技术难以置信的快速和廉价”，先进的剪草技术研究中心的主任戴纳.罗恩说。“可利用卫星技术中突破，例如运用全球定位系统( GPS )和遥感技术，将使你确切地知道草地的什么地方需要修剪”。那将不仅仅改进你的工作效率，也减少对环境的负面影响，提高剪草质量