2018考研英语必背词汇(二)

.2018考研英语必背词汇（二）11 The European Commission said that it had carried out“unannounced inspections” at big oil and biofuel companies, including Shell, BP, Norways Statoil, as well as at Platts, the worlds leading price-reporting agency.欧盟委员会声称已经对大型的石油和生物燃料公司展开“抽检”，包括壳牌石油公司，英国石油公司，挪威国家石油公司，以及全球领先的报价机构，普氏能源资讯。commission n. 委员会；犯（罪） v. 委任；委托【构词】com+miss(=send/cast,送,放出,派,错过)+ion【近】council n. 委员会；理事会【词组】in commission 服役中 shell n. 壳v. 去壳；剥落【派生】shellless a. 无壳的【近】crust n. 面包皮；硬外壳【词组】shell out 付款；交予 leading a. 前列的；主要的 agency n. 机构；代理；（政府的）局、处【构词】ag(=do/act,做,代理做)+ency【近】department n. 部门；系；知识范围 （Business this week/May 18, 2013）12 Charities who find Section 501(c)(3)s restrictions hamper their advocacy, often create a (c)(4) affiliate to pursue their lobbying agenda.认为（美国国内税收法）501(c)(3)免税条款的限制条件（501(c)(3)定义的组织禁止参加与公职选举有关的政治活动）妨碍了其政治主张的慈善机构，常常会创造出一个符合501(c)(4)类型的隶属组织来从事他们的游说活动。section n. 款；部件；阶层【构词】sect(=cut/divide,切、割)+ion)affiliate n. 隶属的机构 v. 使附属；接纳【派生】affiliative a. 有亲和力的lobby v. 对进行游说；陈情 n. 门厅；休息室；游说团【 派生】lobbyist n. 说客agenda n. 日常工作事项；议事日程【构词】ag(=do/act, 做,代理做)+enda【近】programme n. 计划；程序【词组】set the agenda 制定议程 (The IRS scandal:How can you tell a charity from a political front? May 20, 2013)13 Too often, airline staff at the boarding gate run lax regimes, allowing the most aggressive and (literally) pushy travellers to skip to the front of the line, play dumb about which groups have been called, and board before more rule-abiding types, who are all too often left to gate check their bags.登机口处的航空公司工作人员往往管理松懈，他们会让那些好斗的或者（简直）莽撞的游客插到队伍最前面，对于已经被叫到的群体装聋作哑，而让那些更守规矩的游客较晚登机，这些游客经常被留在机舱门口就地检查他们的行李。aggressive a. 好斗的；有进取心的【构词】ag+gress(=go/walk,行走,步)+ive【派生】aggressively ad. 侵略地；有闯劲地【近】militant a. 好战的 literally ad. 简直，差不多；逐字地；真正地 dumb a. 哑的；沉默的【派生】dumbly ad. 默默地；无言地【近】mute a. 哑的；沉默的【词组】dumb down 降低的难度(A reward for packing light/May 20, 2013)14 To add to the alarm, the authorities intercepted two letters, one addressed to Barack Obama and another to Roger Wicker, a senator, which appeared to contain ricin, a lethal poison.更令人惊慌的是，美国当局拦截了两封邮件，一封是寄给总统巴拉克奥巴马，另一封是寄给参议员罗杰维克尔，两封邮件中似乎含有一种致命毒药蓖麻毒素。alarm n. 惊恐；警报 v. 使惊恐【构词】al+arm(=weapon,武器,臂)【派生】alarmingly ad. 惊人地；让人担忧地【近】shock n. 震动；休克 address v. 寄往，寄给；对发表演说 n. 地址【构词】ad+dress(=direct,直接的,指引)【派生】addresser n. 发信人；发言人 contain v. 包含；容纳；遏制【构词】con+tain(=hold,拿住,支撑)【派生】containable a. 可容纳的；可控制的【近】include v. 包含，包括 poison n. 毒药 v. 使中毒；在中放毒【派生】poisoner n. 投毒者【习语】Whats your poison? （非正式）想喝点什么？(The Boston bomb/Apr 20, 2013)15 Building national loyalty is especially vital in wartime, when enemies must be demonised and loyal citizens alternately comforted, alarmed and exhorted to sacrifice.战争时期，建立人们对国家的忠诚格外重要，一方面必须将敌人妖魔化；另一方面得安抚忠诚的市民，使他们具有忧患意识，随时准备为国捐躯。vital a. 至关重要的；必不可少的；生机勃勃的【构词】vit(=life,生命)+al【派生】vitally ad. 极其；紧要地【近】fundamental a. 基本的；根本的 loyal a. 忠诚的；忠贞的【派生】loyally ad. 忠诚地；诚实地【近】constant a. 永恒的；忠实的【词组】be loyal to 忠于 alternate a. 轮流的，交替的v. 使交替【派生】alternately ad. 交替地，轮流地【近】interchange v. 交换；互换 sacrifice v. 牺牲；献祭【构词】sacri(=holy,神圣)+fice【词组】at a sacrifice 亏本，蚀本（出售）（Propaganda at the British Library：Read between the lines/May 20, 2013）16 Nevertheless, opposition parties sought prosecution for the PRI officials involved, and were mollified only when Mr Pea agreed to amend the pact, after having at first shrugged off the scandal. 然而，反对党检举了参与此事的墨西哥革命制度党官员，在墨西哥总统佩尼亚先生摆脱丑闻事件，并同意修改条约之后，这一事件才得以平息。involve v. 使参与；包含；牵涉【构词】in+volv(=roll/turn,转,卷)+e【词组】involve in 卷入，参加 pact n. 条约；公约【近】treaty n. 条约；协议 shrug v. 耸肩 n. 耸肩【词组】shrug off 摆脱；抖去scandal n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；耻辱【反】praise n. 赞词；称赞【词组】be the scandal of 引起的反感；激起的愤慨(The PRIs long tail/May 11, 2013)17 To address this difficulty, our analysis controlled for a wide array of worker characteristics, such as age, gender, marital status, and college major.为解决这一难题，我们的分析涵盖了一系列广泛的工人特点，例如年龄、性别、婚姻状况和大学所学专业。array n. 一系列，大量；排列 v. 排列【词组】an array of 一排；一群；一批characteristic n. 特点，特征 a. （品质、特点）显著的【构词】charact(特性,品质)+eristic【派生】characteristically ad. 典型地【近】quality n. 质量；特性，特征 marital a. 婚姻的；夫妇间的【派生】maritally ad. 婚姻上作为夫妇【近】married a. 已婚的；婚姻的status n. 状态，情形；地位；身份【构词】stat(=stand,站,立)+us【近】condition n. 情况；状态(Do Big Cities Help College Graduates Find Better Jobs? May 20, 2013)18 Research published in the Public Library of Science on April 15th estimates that half the Tamiflu (an antiviral drug made by Roche) prescribed in England at the time of the H1N1 outbreak went unused, based on an analysis of traces of the drug in sewage.4月15日公共科学图书馆所公布的研究表明，甲型H1N1流感病毒爆发时英国所开出的处方药特敏福（一种由瑞士罗氏制药企业生产的抗病毒药物），有一半从未使用，这一数据基于对下水道中药物的追踪分析。prescribe v. 开处方；指定，规定【构词】pre+scrib(=write,写)+e【派生】prescriber n. 处方者；建议者 outbreak n. 爆发；突然发生；暴动【构词】out(出去,外面)+break【近】outburst n. 爆发；破裂 analysis n. 分析；分解；梗概【反】synthesis n. 综合；合成【词组】in the last analysis 归根结底，说到底trace n. 踪迹，痕迹 v. 追踪；追溯【派生】traceability n. 可追溯性；追踪能力【词组】trace back to 追溯到；追究到(An ounce of prevention/Apr 20, 2013)19 He annoyed Saudi Arabia by patenting the result (though gene patents are a controversial area anywaysee “Natural justice” at the end of this section).他取得这一研究结果的专利权使沙特阿拉伯十分恼怒（尽管基因专利无论如何仍是一个有争议的领域见本版最后自然正义一文。）annoy v. 使恼怒；打扰；令人讨厌【派生】annoyer n. 烦恼物【近】disturb v. 妨碍；使烦恼 gene n. 基因；遗传因子 controversial a. 有争议的；争论的【派生】controversially ad. 颇有争议地【近】disputable a. 有讨论余地的justice n. 正义；公正；司法制度【派生】justiceship n. 法官的地位，职权【近】impartiality n. 公平；公正【词组】in justice to 为对公平起见(An ounce of prevention/Apr 20, 2013)20 He seems to have counted on a German-Swiss agreement that would have kept such account holders anonymous while settling their back taxes through transfers between the governments. 他原本指望在德国和瑞士之间的税务协议生效后，可以通过两国政府移交欠缴税款之机，缴清欠税以保账户持有者信息免于公开。holder n. 持有者；盛放器【近】owner n. 所有者，物主 anonymous a. 匿名的；不记名的【构词】an+onym(=