如何做科学研究(英文~~)ppt课件

Howtodohighqualityresearch,Zheng-HongQin,PhDDepartmentofPharmacologySoochowUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,1,Whydoresearch?,ToexploreanunknownTobridgegapsbetweenexistingknowledgeToreviseexistingtheories,2,Whydoresearch,ForfilmentofgraduationrequirmentAtleastonepublishedresearchpaperAwaytodemonstrateyourcriticalthinking,skillsandresponsibility,3,Wheretostart,Discusswithsupervisoraboutongoingprojectsinhis/herlabAprojectsuitableforthesiswork:AnextentionofpreviousworksExpandanewdirectionofresearchCanbefinishedin3-4years,4,Wheretostart?,ReadliteraturesasmuchaspossibleIdentifyquestionsConstructhypothesisConductapilotexperimentWriteaproposal,5,Beginningwithreading,GettingaresearchideabyreadingpapersAskwhilereadingCanIextendthisconcepttomystudies?CanIusethesemethodsinmystudies?CanIextendthemethodsbyassessingsomethingnotassessedintheoriginalpaper,orincreasingqualityofassessment?CanIimproveandextendthisstudyusingdifferentstrategy?,6,Keepinyourmindofthesewords:,HowWhatWhenWhoWhichWhyWhere?,7,Formulatingyourresearchidea,GettingyourownideasDevelopmanyideassimultaneously.DontfocusprematurelyonasingleideaWritedowneveryideathatyouget,goodorbad.Identifyaprojectwhichwillberealistic,giventheresourcesavailabletoyou,8,Considerthesewhenyouformulateresearchidea:,Isinterestingtoyou,toyouradvisor,andtotheresearchcommunity.Isoriginal(youmustbeawareofongoingresearchinyourfield).Willaddressanimportantscientificissue.Canbefinishedquickly,itsusuallybesttopickanarrow,welldefinedtopic.,9,Definingthequestion,Thequestionmustbespecific.Askyourself:whatdoIwanttoknow?Whatisthepurposeofaskingthisquestion?Whatwilltheanswertellme?Canthisquestionbeansweredthroughresearch?WhatdoIexpecttofindonceIveconductedmyresearch?,10,Developingthehypothesis,Ahypothesisisanassertionsubjecttoverification,testingorproof.Ahypothesisshouldstatepreciselywhatwillbetested.Formulatingahypothesiswillhelpyoudesignyourexperimentsothatyoullknowwhattomeasureorwhatdatawillbeneeded.,11,ConstructaHypothesis:,Ahypothesisisaneducatedguessabouthowthingswork:If_Idothis_,then_this_willhappen.Youmuststateyourhypothesisinawaythatyoucaneasilymeasure,andofcourse,yourhypothesisshouldbeconstructedinawaytohelpyouansweryouroriginalquestion.,12,Onesidedvstwosidedhypotheses,Ifyouexpectthatachangeineitherdirectionispossibleandthatchangesineitherdirectionareinteresting,thenyoushoulduseatwosidedhypothesis.Ifchangesinonedirectionareuninterestingandunpublishable,thenuseaonesidedhypothesis.Alsoifachangeintheunexpecteddirectionisequivalentinpracticetonochange,thenuseaonesidedhypothesis.,13,Statingahypothesis,Generally,ahypothesiswillhavefourmajorcomponents:1.thesubjectgroup2.thetreatmentorexposure3.theoutcomemeasure4.thecontrolgroup,14,LocatingResources/GatheringInformationADoctoralthesisnecessarilyrequiresamoredifficultproblemtobesolved,andconsequentlymoresubstantialcontributions.ThecontributiontoknowledgeofaMastersthesiscanbeinthenatureofanincrementalimprovementinanareaofknowledge,ortheapplicationofknowntechniquesinanewarea.ThePh.D.mustbeasubstantialandinnovativecontributiontoknowledge.,37,AModelforConductingScientificResearch,1.Definingthequestion2.Locatingresources/Gatheringinformation3.Formingahypothesis/hypotheses4.Planningresearch,collectionmethods5.Collectingdata6.Organizing&analyzingdata7.InterpretingData&drawingconclusions8.Communicatingtheresults,38,几个实验设计的例子,Caspase-8线粒体定位先观察到颗粒状分布免疫组化推测procaspase-8可能主要存在与线粒体。,关键实验有两部份：1证明procaspase-8存在于线粒体内2功能意义？,39,实验方案,线粒体定位：光镜电镜生化,线粒体释放：试管内在体,40,Mitochondrialocalizationofpro-caspase-8,41,Mitochondrialocalizationofpro-caspase-8,42,Mitochondrialocalizationo