美国文学+(2).ppt

AmericanLiterature,Arrangement,BriefIntroductionTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsTheRomanticPeriodTheRealisticPeriodTheNaturalisticPeriodTheModernPeriodTheContemporaryPeriod,BriefIntroduction,Shorthistory(mid-19thcentury-now)Non-AmericanatfirstWithnativeelementsandnationalcharacteristicsnow,TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriods,Writingforreligious,practicalorhistoricalMajortopic:Puritanismpredestinationoriginalsintotaldepravitylimitedatonement,16071790,拼命地挣钱、拼命地省钱、拼命地捐钱”。,CareerCalling,JonathanEdwards(17031758),EdwardsiswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmericansmostimportantandoriginalphilosophicaltheologian,Masterpiece:“SinnerintheHandsofanAngryGod”(1741)Representsthereligiousidealism,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),Herepresentslevelheadedcommonsenseandsucceededinmanyaspects.Politicalleader,ambassador,scientistessayist,musicianLiteraryworks:PoorRichardsAlmanacAutobiography,资本主义精神最完美的代表,PoorRichardsAlmanac,穷人几乎没有，乞丐一无所有，富人拥有太多，没人会说够了。唯人与瓜难知。凡不勤勉的人，决不会有荣誉。勤则万事易，懒则万事难。不能服从的人，就不能指挥。有知识的傻瓜比没知识的傻瓜更糟。对上级谦恭是职责，对平辈谦恭是礼貌，对下级谦恭是高尚。如果你知道如何支出少于收入，你就有了点金术。自助者，天助之。通向荣誉的捷径是把为荣誉而干的事当作为良心而干。世上最高尚的问题是：我能做什么有益的事？不要出卖道德去买财富，也不要出卖自由去买权力。你要赶着事务走，别让事务赶着你走。若对小错误视而不见，那你就会犯大错。什么都不想的人最幸福，因为他从不失望。不要听朋友的坏话，也不要说敌人的坏话。把你欠的还掉，你就知道什么是你的。借钱给一个敌人，你会赢得他。借钱给一个朋友，你会失去他。,Autobiography,Hismostfamouswork.“thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmericasfirstself-mademan”Besidestherecordofhisworldlysuccess,itsalsoarecordofhisspiritualgrowth.hissuccessistheevidencegodslove.,TheRevolutionaryPeriods,(1765-1970)DeclarationofIndependence（preamble）Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,74thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned,ThatwheneveranyFormofGovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistheRightofthePeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewGovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirSafetyandHappiness.Prudence,indeed,willdictatethatGovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransientcauses;andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshewn,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObjectevincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.,独立宣言（前言）,我等之见解为，下述真理不证自明：凡人生而平等，秉造物者之赐，拥诸无可转让之权利，包含生命权、自由权、与追寻幸福之权（原意为：拥有私人资产之权）。兹确保如此权力，立政府于人民之间，经受统治者之同意取得应有之权力；特此，无论何种政体于何时坏此标的，则人民有权改组或弃绝之，并另立新政府，本此原则，以成此型式之政权，因其影响人民之安全幸福至巨。深思熟虑后，当得此论，即建立长久之政府，不应以无足轻重之理由改组，而基于已知之过往，世人宁可容忍积重难返之邪僻。然当连串之滥权者与篡夺者执迷不悟，迫人民屈伏于绝对专制下时，推翻此政府，是其权利，是其义务，并为未来之安稳提供新保障。,TheRomanticPeriod,（1790-1865）Emphasison:freeexpressionofemotionspayattentiontothepsychicstateTheme:landscapesInfluencedby：British,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),“thefatherofAmericanliterature”Techniques:localcolorandsymbolismWorks:RipWanWinkleTheLegendofSleepyHollow,James.F.Cooper(1789-1851),TheLeatherstockingTales4.ThePioneer拓荒者18232.TheLastoftheMohicans最后的莫希干人18265.ThePrairie大草原18273.ThePathfinder探路人1840TheDeerslayer杀鹿者1841theconflictsbetweennatureandcivilization,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),ThespokesmanofTranscendentalismNature论自然1836Essays论文集包括论自助论超灵论补偿论爱论友谊等12篇论文。人不是在自然里，而是在自身中看到切都是美好而有价值的。世界非常空虚，它却从这种虚饰的外观中得到好处，使灵魂骄傲地得意洋洋。”当人人权利都平等的时候，从道德、理智上讲，人们在财产方面则是非常不平等的，个人拥有衣服，另一个拥有一片土地。”我必须提供的三条实用准则是：第一，决不阅读任何写出来不到一年的书；第二，不是名著不读；第三，只读你喜欢的书。”,NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864),Identity：puritan,romanticist,moralistMasterpiece:TheScarletLetterAAdulteryAngel,EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849),AnoutsiderofthemaincurrentofAL侦探小说(detectivestory)鼻祖、科幻小说(sciencefiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horrorfiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(symbolism)先驱之一，唯美主义(aestheticism)者。Famousinforeigncountryratherthanhisowncountry.Masterpiece:TheRaven1845TheFalloftheHouseofUsher1939,HermanMelville(1819-1891),MobyDick(1851)HumanNature,Poetry,Twofounts:WaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinson,LeavesofGrass,1800poems,OCaptain!MyCaptain!WaltWhitmanOCAPTAIN!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,Theshiphasweatheredeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon.Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting.Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring;ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred!WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.,OCaptain!mycaptain!riseupandhearthebellsRiseupforyoutheflagisflungforyouthebugletrills,Foryoubouquetsandribbondwreathsforyoutheshorescrowding,Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;Here,Captain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead!ItissomedreamthatonthedeckYouvefallencoldanddead.,MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill,Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill;Theshipisanchordsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone,Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;Exult,Oshores!andring,Obells!ButI,withmournfultread,WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.,哦船长，我的船长！哦船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终，我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊，目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！哦殷红的血滴流泻，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声，起来，旌旗，为你招展号角，为你长鸣。为你岸上挤满了人群为你，无数花束、彩带、花环。为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！你头颅下边是我的手臂！这是甲板上的一场梦啊，你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静，我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、没有生命，我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已告终，胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已赢得手中。欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟！可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。,TheRealisticPeriod,StressedtruthfultreatmentofmaterialFortheworldofexperienceForthecommonplaceForthefamiliarandthelowWriters:MarkTwain;WilliamDeanHowells;HenryJames,MarkTwain(1835-1910),ThetruefatherofnationalliteratureLocalism:anti-floweryandanti-sentimentalMasterpiece:TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinnOthers:TheAdventureofTomSawyerThePrinceandthePauper,HenryJames(1843-1916),Theinternationaltheme长篇小说：一个美国人、贵妇的画像中短篇小说：黛西米勒、螺丝在旋紧、丛林猛兽20世纪初，詹姆斯接连发表鸽翼、使节和金碗3部长篇小说，使他的创作达到高峰。psychoanalysis心理分析小说,WilliamDeanHowells,TheRiseofSilasLapham（1885）塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹豪威尔斯把现实主义定义为“诚实地处理素材，半点不多，半点不少”。“photographicpictures”,TheNaturalisticPeriod,1900-1914Scientificdeterminism自然主义文学是西方现实主义文学发展到极致蜕变的产物，也是生物学、遗传学等科学理论影响文学创作的结果。Humanbeingarenomorethananimalsrespondingtoenvironmentalforces.Representatives：Stephencrane,TheodoreDreiserandFrankNorris,StephenCrane（1871-1900）,AGirloftheStreets街头女郎梅季TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章,TheodoreDreiser1871-1945,SisterCarrie1900嘉莉妹妹JennieGerhardt1911珍妮姑娘Trilogy:TheFinancier金融家TheTitan巨人TheStoic斯多噶AnAmericanTragedy美国悲剧1925,TheModernPeriod(1914-1939),Thelostgeneration“迷惘的一代”在战争期间深受战争宣传的欺骗之苦，对所有崇高的字眼都弃之如敝屣：“什么神圣、光荣、牺牲这些空泛的字眼儿，我一听就害臊我可没见到什么神圣的东西，光荣的东西也没有什么光荣，至于牺牲，那就像芝加哥的屠宰场，不同的是肉拿来埋掉罢了。”,FrancisScottFitzgerald1896-1940,剧本：TheBeautifulandtheDammed美女和被诅咒的人长篇小说：TheLastTycoon最后一个大亨TheGreatGatsby了不起的盖茨比TenderistheNight夜色温柔短片小说：TalesoftheJazzAge爵土时代的故事,ErnestHemingwayl899-1961,NobelprizewinnerWorks：TheSunAlsoRises太阳照常起AFarewelltoArms永别了，武器ForWhomtheBellTolls丧钟为谁而鸣TheOldManandtheSea老人与海,一个人并不是生来要给打败的。你尽可以消灭他，可就是打不败他。,无言的死，就是无限的活,Modernpoetry,EzraPound(1885-1972)ApioneerofimagismCantos诗章,InaStationoftheMetro,Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.人丛中这些幽灵似的人脸，潮湿的黑色树枝上的花瓣。,TheContemporaryPeriod,BlackWritersJewishWritersTheBeatMovementLiteratureoftheModernSouthWomensVoiceDrama,BlackWriters,RichardWright-NativeSonRalphEllison-InvisibleManJamesBaldwin-GoTellItontheMountainPOETLangstonHughesPoetLaureate“桂冠诗人”,TheNegroSpeaksofRivers,Iveknownrivers:Iveknownriversancientastheworldandolderthantheflowofhumanbloodinhumanveins.Mysoulhasgrowndeepliketherivers.IbathedintheEuphrateswhendawnswereyoung.IbuiltmyhutneartheCongoanditlulledmetosleep.IlookedupontheNileandraisedthepyramidsaboveit.IheardthesingingoftheMississippiwhenAbeLincolnwentdowntoNewOrleans,andIveseenitsmuddybosomturnedallgoldeninthesunset.Iveknownrivers:Ancient,duskyrivers.Mysoulhasgrowndeepliketherivers.,我了解河流：我了解像世界一样的古