应四+Unit+1a.ppt

应用型大学英语综合教程,上海交通大学出版社,应用型大学英语系列教材,Book4,2,上海交通大学出版社,LanguageinUse,EnhancementofLanguageAbilities,UnitOne,TableofContents,LanguageSkillsDevelopment,3,上海交通大学出版社,Focus1content,Starter,Text:Divineintervention,Workingwithwordsandphrases,Discussion,Practice:interpreting,Practice:translation,Practice:writing,SurfingtheInternet,Highlights,TableofContents,Part1LanguageSkillsDevelopment,4,上海交通大学出版社,focus1highlights,HighlightsS:EscapefromafireL:HeatstrokeR:DivineinterventionW:ThebasicstructureofanessayInternetwork:Searchingforinformationaboutvisa-freetravel,Part1LanguageSkillsDevelopment,5,上海交通大学出版社,1.Starter,focus1starter,A.Aroomisonfire.Thereseemstobenowaytoputthefireoutforthetimebeing.Lookatthefollowingpicturesforemergencyescape,discuss,anddecidewhatisthebestwaytoescape.,6,focus1starter,1.Starter,上海交通大学出版社,Dontjumpoutofthewindowshighabovetheground,becausethehardgroundwillhurtorevenkillyou.Dontforceyourwayoutoftheroomthroughtheirondoor,sinceitishotandclosed.Thebestwaytoescapefromthefireistohideinthelavatorywithawettowelcoveringyournosesothatyouwontbechokedbythesmoke.Trytocall119andotherpeopleasquicklyaspossibleforhelp,usingthecellphoneorfixedtelephone.Dontpanic,andactrationally.,7,B.Listentoapassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.,focus1starter,上海交通大学出版社,1.Starter,MindMapheatstroke/n.中暑prolonged/a.持续时间久的cessation/n.停止hyperventilation/n.过度换气neurological/a.神经系统的；神经（病）学的seizure/()/n.休克coma/n.昏迷hallucinate/vi.产生幻觉replenish/vt.补充,8,focus1starter,上海交通大学出版社,1.Starter,1.Howdoesheatstrokehappen?2.Whatarethecommonsymptomsofheatstroke?3.Whatisthefocusoftreatmentforheatstroke?,Heatstrokecanoccurifthebodyisexposedtoprolongedhightemperatures.,Themostcommonsymptomsarehighbodytemperature,cessationofsweating,hyperventilation,rapidheartrateandpulse,andsomeneurologicalsymptoms.,Themainfocusistolowerthebodytemperature.,9,focus1starter,上海交通大学出版社,1.Starter,HowDoesHeatstrokeOccur?Heatstrokecanoccurifthebodyisexposedtoprolongedhightemperatures.Insuchasituation,thebodyattemptstocoolitselfbyincreasingthebloodflowtotheskin,leavinglessbloodforthebrain,muscles,andotherorgans.Thenmusclesfeelweakerandmentalcapacityisaffected.Ifnotproperlymanaged,theconditioncanbedeadly.MostCommonSymptomsHighbodytemperature:Abodytemperatureof104(40)orhigheristhemainsignofheatstroke.Cessationofsweating:Thisisoftenoneofthefirstsignsthatyourbodytemperatureistoohigh.,Tobecontinued,10,focus1starter,上海交通大学出版社,1.Starter,Hyperventilation:Yourbreathingmaybecometoorapidandprolonged.Rapidheartrateandpulse:Whileyourbloodpressureusuallyremainsnormal,yourpulsemayincreasetoaround130beatsaminute,abovethenormallevelforadults(60to100beatsaminute).Neurologicalsymptoms:Youmayhaveseizures,loseconsciousness,slipintoacoma,hallucinate,orhavedifficultyspeakingorunderstandingwhatothersaresaying.TreatmentThemainfocusoftreatmentistolowerthebodytemperature.Differenttechniquescanbeused.Ifyouthinkyouhavetheearlysymptomsofheatstroke,firsttrytocoolyourselfandreplenishyourwaterandsaltlevels.Ifyourconditionhasprogressed,seekimmediatemedicalattention.,11,focus1text,上海交通大学出版社,TextOrganization,12,focus1text,上海交通大学出版社,TextOrganization,13,focus1text,上海交通大学出版社,TextOrganization,14,focus1text,2.Text:DivineIntervention,1Dr.RobBollwascravingahotturkeydinnerandasliceofapplepie.Afterahecticweektreatingpatientswithsorethroatsandearinfectionsathisfamilypractice,the52-year-oldphysicianwasreadyforanightofhomecookingandfellowshipathischurchsannualfund-raisingdinner.,Translation,上帝显灵1罗布博尔医生正渴望吃上一顿热乎乎的火鸡晚餐和苹果馅饼。这位52岁的内科医生在他的家庭诊所忙碌了整整一个星期，治疗那些患有咽喉疼痛或耳朵感染的病人，这时正准备在他所属教会的年度筹款晚宴上享受一些家常烹饪，并和教友相聚。,divine:a.神（上帝）的，天赐的e.g.Hegrantedusfromhisdivineloveandisaskingfromusloveforhisdivinepresence.,上海交通大学出版社,intervention:n.C,U干预，干涉，介入e.g.Hisinterventionbroughttheirquarreltoaclimax.,15,focus1text,2.Text:DivineIntervention,2SteppinginsidethecrowdedgymatSt.JohnsUnitedChurchofChrist,Bollandhisfamilyfoundalonglineofpeoplewaitingtobeseated.Hewasntsurprised.TheturkeyfeasthadbecomeapopulareventinMokena,Illinois,attendedbyhundredsfromthesurroundingChicagosuburbs.Manywerentevenmembersofthecongregation.Theydsimplyheardaboutthegoodfoodandwerewillingtopay$10toheaptheirplatesandhelppayforthechurchsnewcommunitycenter.Bollandhiswife,Dana,andtheirson,Kyle,14,wenteveryyear.,Translation,2博尔和家人走进拥挤的圣约翰联合基督教会体育馆，发现很多人排着长队等座。对此他已司空见惯。伊利诺伊州莫克那镇的火鸡宴已成为深受欢迎的活动，成百上千的人从芝加哥周围的郊区赶来参加这项活动。许多人甚至不是这个教会的会员，他们只是听说这里有美食，愿意花上10美元饱餐一顿，同时为教会的新活动中心做点贡献。博尔和妻子达娜还有他们14岁的儿子凯尔每年都来。,上海交通大学出版社,QuestionsaboutParas.1-2,feast:n.C宴会，盛宴e.g.Thekingheldafeastforus.vi.尽情享用e.g.Wefeastedonchickenandroastpotatoes.,16,focus1text,1.WhatwasDr.RobBollsprofession?,Hewasaphysicianatafamilypractice.,上海交通大学出版社,2.Whydidsomanynon-congregationpeopleattendthechurchsannualfund-raisingdinner?,Becausetheycouldhaveaturkeyfeastatthedinnerandhelpthechurchinsomeway.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,17,focus1text,3Aftersittingdown,Bollhadbarelyplacedhisnapkininhislapwhenheheardacommotionontheothersideoftheroom.“Help!”awomanshouted.“DoesanybodyknowhowtodotheHeimlich?”4Jumpingupfromthetable,thedoctorcouldseeawhite-hairedwomanslumpedoverinherchair.“Imadoctor.Whatsgoingon?”Bollsaidtothegroupgatheredaround76-year-oldPatRohrer.,Translation,3博尔刚坐下，还没来得及把餐巾在膝盖上放好，就听到房间另一头传来了喧闹声。“快帮帮忙！”一个女人大叫着。“有人知道怎么做海姆利克急救吗？”4博尔医生一跃而起，看到一个银发老太太伏在椅子上。“我是医生，出什么事了？”博尔对围在76岁的帕特罗勒身边的人群问道。,上海交通大学出版社,2.Text:DivineIntervention,18,focus1text,5“Mymother-in-lawchokedonapieceofturkey,”answeredafranticColleenRohrer.“WevetriedtheHeimlichmaneuver,butitsnotworking.”BollreachedaroundPatsabdomenandpulledsharplyupwardwithhisfists.Nothinghappened.Movingquickly,heliftedPatupandontothefloortogetherintoabetterposition.TwiceagainhetriedtheHeimlich,butshestilldidntrespond.,Translation,5“我婆婆被一块火鸡卡住了。”焦急的科琳罗勒答道，“我们已经试过海姆利克急救了，但没有效果。”博尔从后环抱住帕特，将手放在她的腹部，用拳头使劲往上推，但没有任何动静。他迅速把帕特扶起来，放到地上，让她的姿势更有利于急救。他又用海姆利克急救试了两次，但仍不见效。,上海交通大学出版社,QuestionaboutPara.5,frantic:a.1)（因焦虑、恐惧等而）发疯似的，情绪失控的e.g.Donotdrivehimfranticbyworryinghimwithendlessquestions.2)紧张忙乱的，匆忙的e.g.Hewasinafranticrushtogethisworkdone.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,19,focus1text,3.WhatistheHeimlichmaneuver?,Itisanemergencytreatmentforsuffocationwhenapersonsairwaybecomesblockedbyapieceoffoodorotherobject.,上海交通大学出版社,2.Text:DivineIntervention,20,focus1text,6Thiscantbehappening,Bollthought.Heworriedhewouldntbeabletohelpher.Lookingup,herecognizedSteveHoblin,anursefromthehospitalnearhisoffice.“Steve,stickyourfingersdownherthroatandseeifyoucansweepanythingout,”hesaid.Hoblinreachedinandpulledoutasmallpieceofturkey.,Translation,6这太不可思议了，博尔心想。他开始担心自己救不了她。抬起头，他认出了史蒂夫霍布林，他办公室附近一家医院的护士。“史蒂夫，你把手指伸进她的喉咙，看看能否掏出什么，”他吩咐道。霍布林将手指伸进去，掏出了一小块火鸡。,上海交通大学出版社,Here“cantbehappening”isusedasajudgmentfortheon-goingevent.Thefollowingexamplesshowhowthestructureof“modalverb+be+presentparticiple”expressesajudgmentforanon-goingeventoraction.e.g.Johnisill;hecantbewritinghispapernow.Susanhastohandinherpapertomorrow;shemustbewritingitnow.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,21,focus1text,7ButPatstillwasntbreathing.Infact,shewasrapidlyturningblue.Apparently,somefoodwasstilllodgedinherthroat.Bollknewheneededtodosomethingdrasticandfasttogetairintoherlungs.Hisonlychancewastoperformanemergencytracheotomy.,Translation,7但是帕特仍然没有呼吸。事实上，她的脸色正在迅速变青。显然她的喉咙里还卡着食物。博尔知道，要把空气送入她的肺部，必须采取极端的行动，而且要快。唯一可以做的就是进行紧急气管切开手术。,上海交通大学出版社,Blueherejustdenotesthecolourasonecanimagine,whensomeoneischoking,thefacenaturallyturnsblue.Bluecanalsomean“sad,depressed;dismal,bleak(沮丧的；令人烦闷的)”.e.g.Shefeltblueaboutnotbeingchosenfortheteam.Thatwasabluedayforme.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,22,focus1text,8“Call911!Andgetmeasharpknife!”heshouted.Hiswiferantothekitchen,andHoblinhandedoverhispocketknife.9Bollhadneverdonetheoperationbefore.Heflashedbacktotheonlytimehedseenoneperformed:duringhisresidency20yearsearlier.Thatprocedurehadbeendoneinasterile,controlledenvironmentbyexpertsurgeons.Howwasafamilydoctorsupposedtoaccomplishthesamethingatachurchdinnerwithadullpocketknife?,Translation,8“打911！给我拿把锋利的刀过来！”他大声喊道。他的妻子赶紧跑向厨房，霍布林则把他的小折刀递了过来。9博尔以前从未做过这种手术。他回想起唯一一次看过别人做这种手术，还是20年前在医院实习的时候。那次手术是由外科专家在无菌并且可控的环境里进行的。而他自己只是一个家庭医生，怎么能在一个教会晚宴上用一把钝钝的小折刀完成这种手术呢？,上海交通大学出版社,flashback(tosth.):回想；（电影）闪回，倒叙e.g.Herthoughtsimmediatelyflashedbacktolastnight.Thestoryflashedbacktohischildhood.,residency:n.1)U住院专科实习期e.g.Aftertheirresidency,pharmacistsmustpassthelicenseexaminationgivenbytheirstate.2)U居住，居留e.g.Thegovernmentconfirmedthereturningrefugeesrighttoresidency.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,23,focus1text,10Hewasrelievedtoseethathiswifehadfoundacleanparingknife.Takingadeepbreath,BollcarefullycutasmallslitinPatsneck.Asbloodpouredfromthewound,hebrokeintoasweat.ButBollknewitwastoolatetostop.Twoorthreepreciousminuteshadalreadypassed.Shecouldntsurvivemuchlongerwithoutoxygen.Bollfiguredhehadabout45secondstosaveherlife.,Translation,10当他看到妻子给他找到了一把干净的水果刀才放了心。博尔深吸一口气，小心翼翼地在帕特的颈部切了个小口子。血一下子从伤口涌出来，他出了一身冷汗。但是博尔明白，现在已经不能停止了。两三分钟宝贵的时间已经过去了，没有氧气，她坚持不了多久。博尔推测自己大约只有45秒钟的时间来挽救她的生命。,上海交通大学出版社,breakinto:突然发出（或冒出）；闯入e.g.Theaudiencebrokeintoloudapplause.Someonebrokeintomycarandstolemymobilephone.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,24,focus1text,11Oblivioustothecrowdbreathlesslywatchinghimwork,Bollsteadiedhishandsandcontinued.Buttheknifewouldntcutdeepenough.Outofnowhere,amanhandedBollaswitchblade.Ithadataperedpoint,niceandsharp,withathree-inchbladethatlockedsecurelyinplace.Bollquicklyfinishedthecut.,Translation,11周围的人群屏住呼吸看着他工作，但他丝毫没有感觉到。博尔稳住双手，继续手术。但是水果刀切得不够深。这时，不知哪位男士递给博尔一把弹簧刀。这把刀刀口尖细，锃亮锋利，三英寸的刀片稳固地锁在刀鞘里。博尔很快完成了切割。,上海交通大学出版社,Meaning:Bollwasunawarethatthepeopleweregatheredaroundhimandholdingtheirbreathastheywatchedhimperformtheoperation.Hedidhisbestnottolethishandstrembleandwentonwiththeoperation.,Thewordobliviousisoftencollocatedwith“of/to”,meaning“notknowaboutornotnoticesomethingthatishappeningaroundyou”.e.g.Heseemedoblivioustothefactthathehadhurther.,outofnowhere:不知从哪里冒出来，莫名其妙地出现e.g.Hisgirlfriendappearedbeforehimoutofnowhere.,inplace:在适当的位置；准备好e.g.Theglasswasheldinplacebyafewpiecesoftransparenttape.Theinstrumentsfortheconcertwerenearlyallinplace.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,25,12然后，科琳似乎看出了他的心思，将一根气管套管递给了他。她儿子肖恩，即帕特的孙子，患有一种严重的肺病，需要一根管子才能保持呼吸道通畅，但是个把小时不用管子问题也不大。13每过一秒，帕特的脸色就更青一点。科琳帮助博尔将管子轻轻地推进帕特的喉咙里。时间一秒一秒地过去，感觉却像是一分一分地在流逝，但是这两个人镇静地工作着，配合得天衣无缝就像一个手术小组一样，博尔心想。,focus1text,12Then,asifshewerereadinghismind,Colleenhandedhimatracheotomytube.Herson,ShaunPatsgrandsonhasaseverelungconditionandneedsatubetokeephisairwayclear.Buthecouldmanagewithoutitforanhourorso.13Patwasturningbluerbythesecond.ColleenhelpedBollgentlypushthetubeintoPatstrachea.Secondstickedbylikeminutes,butthepairworkedcalmly,withprecisionjustlikeasurgicalteam,thoughtthedoctor.,Translation,上海交通大学出版社,Meaning:ItseemedasifColleenwereabletoguesswhatthedoctorwasthinking,soshepassedhimthetubethathewasthinkingaboutatthatmoment.,readsomeonesmind:看出某人的心思e.g.Noonecanreadawritersmindthroughhisface,butwecanseeintohisheartthroughhissentences.,Notethatbyisaprepositionusedwiththetoshowtheperiodorquantityusedforbuying,selling,ormeasuringsomething.e.g.Thetemperatureclimbedhigherandhigherbythesecond.Shesellseggsbythedozen.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,26,focus1text,14“Imin,”hesaidoncethetubewasfinallyinplace.15Butthecrisiswasfarfromover.Bollneededtoresuscitatetheunconsciouswoman.Fortunately,herfamilyneverwentanywherewithoutanemergencykitcontainingamanualresuscitatorbag,justincaseShaunhadtroublebreathing.,Translation,14“进去了。”最后管子一放好，博尔就说道。15但是危机还远未结束。博尔必须将这位昏迷的老太太弄醒。庆幸的是，她的家人出门总是带着急救箱，里面有手动苏醒气囊，这是以防肖恩出现呼吸困难而准备的。,上海交通大学出版社,Farfromisasetexpression,meaning“almosttheoppositeofsth.orwhatisexpected”.e.g.Conditionsarestillfarfromideal.Farfromhelpingwiththesituation,youvejustmadeitworse.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,27,focus1text,16Colleenclickedthebagontothetubeandpumped.Withinseconds,PatRohrerstartedbreathingandthecolorreturnedtohercheeks.17Asparamedicsrushedinandtookover,Bollstoodup,trembling.Hecertainlyhadntanticipatedanythinglikethiswhenhelefthisjobasasocialworkertogotomedschool.,Translation,16科琳将气囊扣到管子上，开始打气。不一会儿，帕特罗勒开始呼吸，脸色也恢复了正常。17医护人员赶来接管了剩下的事情，博尔站起来，浑身颤抖。当年他辞去社会工作者工作去上医学院的时候，自然没有预见会遇到这种事。,上海交通大学出版社,QuestionsaboutParas.8-17,2.Text:DivineIntervention,28,focus1text,4.WhowasthemainassistantforDr.RobBollintheoperation?,ItwasColleenRohrer.,上海交通大学出版社,5.Whatinstrumentswereusedintheoperation?,Aparingknife,aswitchblade,atracheotomytube,andaresuscitatorbag.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,29,focus1text,18“Imnotterriblyreligious,”Bollsaysnow,“butIknownowthatGodgoestoturkeydinnersatchurches.TotakeadoctorwhoonlyhalfknowswhathesdoingandgivehimtherighttoolsIdontknowhowIrecalledwhatIneededtodo.Tome,theresnoexplanationbutdivineintervention.”19Maybeso,butHowardStephens,assistantchiefoftheMokenaFireProtectionDistrict,wasquicktopointout,“WithoutDr.Boll,thisladywouldnthavemadeit.”,Translation,18“我不是一个狂热的教徒，”博尔说，“但我现在知道了，上帝会去参加教会的火鸡晚宴。把一个不明就里的医生带到这儿，并给他合适的工具我不知道自己是如何想到该怎么做。我无法解释这一切，只能说是上帝显灵了。”19也许是吧，但莫克那镇防火区主任助理霍华德斯蒂芬斯很快指出：“要是没有博尔医生，这位女士是不可能起死回生的。”,上海交通大学出版社,QuestionsaboutPara.18,2.Text:DivineIntervention,30,focus1text,6.WhydidDr.RobBollthinktheoperationwasacaseofdivineintervention?,Becausethetoolsheneededappearedandhesucceededinsavingtheladyassortofasurgeonasifbymagic.,上海交通大学出版社,2.Text:DivineIntervention,31,focus1text,20Nowthathergratefulmother-in-lawisbackathome,withnosignsofinfectionfromtheswitchbladesurgery,Colleensays,“Wearesothankfulthatinthisageoflawsuits,Dr.Bollwaswillingtoputhimselfontheline.Hejuststeppedupanddidwhathadtobedone.”,Translation,20科琳的婆婆怀着感激之情回家了，没有任何因在手术中使用了折叠刀而感染的迹象。科琳说：“在这个容易惹上官司的时代，博尔医生敢于冒这样的风险，挺身而出，实在是太让人感激了。”,上海交通大学出版社,QuestionsaboutPara.20,Meaning:WearesogratefultoDr.Bollbecausehewasbraveenoughtotrytosavemymother-in-lawslife,regardlessoftheriskthathemightbeheldresponsibleifhefailed.,ontheline:冒风险e.g.Ivealreadyputmyselfonthelineforyouonce,andImnotgoingtodoitagain.,stepup:挺身而出，站出来e.g.Atthaturgentmoment,hesteppeduptocatchthekidfallingdownfromatree.Shesteppeduptoreceiveherprize.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,Nowthatornowmeans“becausethethingmentionedishappeningorhasjusthappened”.e.g.Nowthatweknoweachotheralittlebetter,wegetalongfine.Imgoingtorelax,nowtheschoolyearisover.,32,focus1text,7.WhywereColleenandherfamilysogratefultoDr.RobBoll?,BecauseDr.BollsavedColleensmother-in-lawandintheageoflawsuits,hewaswillingtoputhimselfontheline.,上海交通大学出版社,2.Text:DivineIntervention,33,focus1text,21LaterthatNovembernight,afterreturningfromthehospital,RobBollfoundanotherjobthatneededtobefinished.Hestrolledintothechurchkitchenandrolleduphissleeves.“Divineinterventiondoesntusuallycomeintoplay,”hesays,“whenitstimetodothedishes.”,Translation,21十一月的那个晚上晚些时候，罗布博尔从医院回来之后，发现还有一件事有待完成。他晃进教会厨房，挽起袖子。“需要洗碗的时候上帝通常不会显灵。”他说道。,上海交通大学出版社,comeintoplay:开始活动，开始起作用e.g.Acomplexsystemofmusclescomeintoplayforeachbodymovement.Politicalconsiderationsdocomeintoplaywhenmakingpolicy.,2.Text:DivineIntervention,34,Focus1words2.Theemergencysituation;3.Theoperation;4.RobBollsfeelingabouttherescue.,上海交通大学出版社,46,Focus1writing,Dr.RobBollandhisfamilywereenjoyingtheirchurchsannualfund-raisingdinnerwhena76-year-oldladychokedonapieceofturkeyandlostconsciousness.TheoldladysfamilytriedtheHeimlichmaneuver,butitdidnotwork.Dr.RobBollrushedtotheoldladysrescue.AlthoughunderhisdirectionSteveHoblinmanagedtopulloutapieceofturkey,theoldladywasstillnotbreathing.Dr.Bollrealizedthathisonlychancewastoperformanemergencytracheotomy.Thoughhewasonlyafamilydoctorwhohadneverdonetheoperationbefore,seeingthatthepatientwasinsuchacriticalsituation,hewentaheadwiththeoperationusingasimpleswitchblade.ThankstoDr.Bollsbraveheartandcalmmind,theoperationsucceeded.Dr.Bollwassoamazedbythis“miracle”thatheattributedthesuccesstodivineintervention.,8.Practice:writing,上海交通大学出版社,47,Focus1writing,8.Practice:writing,B.Basicwritingtechniques:thebasicstructureofanessay.,Exercise:Thefollowingessay(refertostudentsbook)isnotdividedintoparagraphs,butitshouldcontainsix:anintroductoryparagraph,fourbodyparagraphs,andaconcludingparagraph.Step1.Decidewhereeachnewparagraphshouldbegin.Step2.Underlinethefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.,上海交通大学出版社,48,Focus1writing,8.Practice:writing,1.Logic,whichisthebasisofrhetoric,comesfromculture;itisnotuniversal.Rhetoric,thereforeisnotuniversaleitherbutvariesfromculturetoculture.Therhetoricalsystemofonelanguageisneitherbetternorworsethantherhetoricalsystemofanotherlanguage,butitisdifferent.2.EnglishlogicandEnglishrhetoric,whicharebasedonAnglo-Europeanculturalpatterns,arelinearthatis,agoodEnglishparagraphbeginswithageneralstatementofitscontentandthencarefullydevelopsthatstatementwithaseriesofspecificillustrations.AgoodEnglishparagraphmayalsousethereversesequence:itmaystateawholeseriesofexamplesandthensummarizethoseexamplesinasinglestatementattheendoftheparagraph.Ineithercase,however,theflowofideasoccursinastraightlinefromtheopeningsentencetothelastsentence.Furthermore,awell-structuredEnglishparagraphisneverdigressive.Thereisnothingthatdoesnotbelongtotheparagraphandnothingthatdoesnotsupportthetopicsentence.,上海交通大学出版社,Thisshortessaycanbedividedintothefollowingsixparagraphs:,49,Focus1writing,8.Practice:writing,3.AtypeofconstructionfoundinArabicandPersianwritingisverydifferent.Wherea