3D打印外文文献

机械工程学院毕业设计(外文翻译) 题 3D printer designintroductionWith the progress of the times, our standard of living is increasing, at the same time, the population is growing rapidly, we need more and more items to meet the conditions of material life. This certanly will cause our requirements for goods will be more and more high, fine workmanship, unique and non production items will be affected by the broad masses of peoples favorite. Now, we have the advanced technology of 3D printing, and we can print all kinds of what we need and want through the 3D printer. 3D printing technology applications, it can be used in the medical industry, scientific research, product model, architectural design, manufacturing and food and so on, a wide range of prospects.3D printing technology, is based on a digital model file, the use of powdered metal or plastic and other materials can be bonded by layer by layer, the way to construct the object technology. 3D printer appeared in the 90s of last century, that is, the use of light curing and paper laminating technology, such as rapid prototyping. It is basically the same with ordinary printer working principle, printer equipped with liquid or powder and other printed materials , and computer connection, through the computer control to print materials a superimposed layers. At last, the computer on the blueprint into the physical. Now this technology has been applied in many fields, people use it to make clothing, building models, cars, chocolate desserts, etc.1.1 research status of 3D printers at home and abroadResearch status of 1.1.1 foreign 3D printerAfter more than ten years of exploration and development, 3D printing technology has made considerable progress, at present, it has been able to achieve the fine resolution of 600dpi in the single layer thickness of 0.01mm. At present, the international advanced products can achieve the vertical rate of 25mm thickness per hour, and can realize the color of the 24 color printing.Currently, in the global 3D printer industry, the United States Systems 3D and Stratasys two companies to occupy the vast majority of the market share. In addition, in this field has a strong technical strength and characteristics of the enterprise, Systems 3D is the worlds largest rapid prototyping equipment development company. In November 2011 acquired the first inventor of the 3D printing technology and the original patent owner Corporation Z, Systems 3D has laid a leading position in the field of 3D printing. Stratasys company in 2010 with the traditional printing industry giant Hewlett-Packard Co signed a OEM cooperation agreement, the production of 3D brand HP printer. Following the acquisition of Solidscape in May 2011, Stratasys in April 2012 with Israels famous 3D printing system provider Objet announced the merger. At present, the international 3D printer manufacturing industry is in a rapid merger and integration process, the industry giants are accelerating the rise.Currently in developed countries in Europe and America, 3D printing technology has initially formed a successful business model. As in the field of consumer electronics, aerospace and automotive manufacturing, 3D printing technology can be a lower cost, higher efficiency of the production of small quantities of custom components, complete the complex and sophisticated modeling. In addition, the application of 3D printing technology is the field of personalized consumer goods industry. Such as quirky New York a creative consumer goods companies through the online collection of user design, 3D printing technology to made physical products and sales through the electronic market, a year can be launched 60 kinds of innovative products, the annual income reached $100 million.Research status of 3D printer in China 1.1.2Since 1990s, many colleges and universities have carried out the independent research and development of 3D printing technology. Tsinghua University in modern molding science theory, laminated object manufacturing, FDM technology has some advantages of scientific research; Huazhong University of science and technology in the laminated object manufacturing technology advantage, and has launched a series of HRP molding machine and molding materials 1; Xian Jiaotong University independently developed a 3D printer nozzle, and the development of the light curing molding system and molding materials, molding precision reached 40.2mm; University of science and technology of China developed eight nozzle combination injection device, is expected to in micro manufacturing, the field of optoelectronic devices are applied. But overall, the domestic 3D printing technology research and development level is still a big gap compared with foreign countries.In recent years, domestic enterprises have realized the 3D printer machine production and sales, the common features of these companies is returned from overseas team established, on a smaller scale, product technology and foreign manufacturers of similar products compared is still in the low-end. At present, the domestic 3D printer in the print accuracy, print speed, print size and software support is still difficult to meet the needs of the business, the technical level to be further enhanced. In the area of services, the eastern developed cities of our country have been generally have enterprise application of imported 3D printing equipment to carry out commercial rapid prototyping services. Its range of services relates to mold making, sample making, aided design and restoration of cultural relics, such as multiple fields. Compared with the mainland, Chinas Hong Kong and Taiwan 3D printing technology introduced earlier, the application is more extensive, but the Hong Kong and Taiwan mainly focus on technology applications, rather than independent research and development.1.2 development trends of 3D printers3D 1.2.1 printing industrys future development prospectsAccording to the international rapid manufacturing industry authority report, Report Wohlers 2011 published findings, the global 3D printing industry output value in the 1988 2010 years to maintain an average annual growth rate of 26.2%. The report is expected, the future of 3D printing industry will continue to grow rapidly, by 2016, including equipment manufacturing and services, the total output value of the industry will reach $3 billion 100 million in 2020 will reach $2 5 billion 200 million.But 3D printing technology to further expand its industrial application space, the current3D打印机设计引言 随着时代的进步，我们的生活水平日渐提升，同时，人口也在急剧的增长，我们需要越来越多的物品来满足物质生活条件。这就势必造成我们对物品的要求也会越来越高，做工精细、独特且非量产的物品会受广大人们的喜爱。如今，我们拥有了3D打印这一先进的技术，我们可以通过3D打印机来打印各种我们所需要的、想要的。3D打印技术应用面广，它可以用于医疗行业、科学研究、产品模型、建筑设计、制造业及食品等，前景广泛。 3D打印技术，是一种以数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。3D打印机则出现在上世纪90年代中期，即一种利用光固化和纸层叠等技术的快速成型装置。它与普通打印机工作原理基本相同，打印机内装有液体或粉末等“印材料”，与电脑连接后，通过电脑控制把“打印材料”一层层叠加起来，最终把计算机上的蓝图变成实物。如今这一技术在多个领域得到应用，人们用它来制造服装、建筑模型、汽车、巧克力甜品等。1.1 国内外3D打印机的研究现状1.1.1 国外3D打印机的研究现状 经过十多年的探索和发展，3D打印技术有了长足的进步，目前已经能够在0.01mm的单层厚度上实现600dpi的精细分辨率。目前国际上较先进的产品可以实现每小时25mm厚度的垂直速率，并可实现24位色彩的彩色打印。 目前，在全球3D打印机行业，美国3D Systems和Stratasys两家公司的产品占据了绝大多数市场份额。此外，在此领域具有较强技术实力和特色的企业、研发团队还有美国的FabHome和Shapeways、英国的Reprap等。 3D Systems公司是全世界最大的快速成型设备开发公司。于2011年11月收购了3D打印技术的最早发明者和最初专利拥有者Z Corporation公司之后，3D Systems奠定了在3D打印领域的龙头地位。Stratasys公司2010年与传统打印行业巨头惠普公司签订了OEM合作协议，生产HP品牌的3D打印机。继2011年5月收购Solidscape公司之后，Stratasys又于2012年4月与以色列著名3D打印系统提供商Objet宣布合并。当前，国际3D打印机制造业正处于迅速的兼并与整合过程中，行业巨头正在加速崛起。 目前在欧美发达国家，3D打印技术已经初步形成了成功的商用模式。如在消费电子业、航空业和汽车制造业等领域，3D打印技术可以以较低的成本、较高的效率生产小批量的定制部件，完成复杂而精细的造型。另外，3D打印技术获得应用的领域是个性化消费品产业。如纽约一家创意消费品公司Quirky通过在线征集用户的设计方案，以3D打印技术制成实物产品并通过电子市场销售，每年能够推出60种创新产品，年收入达到100万美元。1.1.2 国内3D打印机的研究现状 自20世纪90年代以来，国内多所高校开展了3D打印技术的自主研发。清华大学在现代成型学理论、分层实体制造、FDM工艺等方面都有一定的科研优势；华中科技大学在分层实体制造工艺方面有优势，并已推出了HRP系列成型机和成型材料【1】；西安交通大学自主研制了三维打印机喷头，并开发了光固化成型系统及相应成型材料，成型精度达到40.2mm；中国科技大学自行研制了八喷头组合喷射装置，有望在微制造、光电器件领域得到应用。但总体而言，国内3D打印技术研发水平与国外相比还有较大差距。 近年来，国内企业已实现了3D打印机的整机生产和销售，这些企业共同的特点是由海外归国团队建立，规模较小，产品技术与国外厂商同类产品相比尚处于低端。目前，国产3D打印机在打印精度、打印速度、打印尺寸和软件支持等方面还难以满足商用的需求，技术水平有待进一步提升。在服务领域，我国东部发达城市已普遍有企业应用进口3D打印设备开展了商业化的快速成型服务，其服务范围涉及到模具制作、样品制作、辅助设计、文物复原等多个领域。与内地相比，我国港台地区3D打印技术引入起步较早，应用更为广泛，但港台主要着重于技术应用，而非自主研发。1.2 3D打印机的发展趋势1.2.1 3D打印产业的未来发展前景 根据国际快速制造行业权威报告Wohlers Report 2011发布的调查结果，全球3D打印产业产值在19882010年间保持着26.2%的年均增长速度。报告预期，3D打印产业未来仍将持续较快地增长，到2016年，包含设备制造和服务在内的产业总产值将达到31亿美元，2020年将达到52亿美元【2】。但3D打印技术要进一步扩展其产业应用空间，目前仍面临着多方面的瓶颈和挑战：一是成本方面，现有3D打印机造价仍普遍较为昂贵，给其进一步普及应用带来了困难。二是打印材料方面，目前3D打印的成型材料多采用化学聚合物，选择的局限性较大，成型品的物理特性较差，而且安全方面也存在一定隐患。三是精度、速度和效率方面，目前3D打印成品的精度还不尽人意，打印效率还远不适应大规模生产的需求，而且受打印机工作原理的限制，打印精度与速度之间存在严重冲突。四是产业环境方面，3D打印技术的普及将使产品更容易被复制和扩散，制造业面对的盗版风险大增，现有知识产权保护机制难以适应产业未来发展的需求。Gartner公司2011年发布的最新技术发展展望报告判断：3D打印技术目前正在进入概念炒作的高峰阶段，其技术还有待充分成熟，主流市场也有待进一步培育。Gartner公司研究人员认为，3D打印技术成熟到适应市场需求还将需要510年的时间。在这一较为漫长的发展过程中，产业可能会面临增长期望落空、技术遭遇瓶颈以及投资撤离等风险。总之，从中长期看来3D打印产业具有较为广阔的发展前景，但目前产业距离成熟阶段尚有较大距离，对于3D打印市场规模的短期发展不宜过分高