Realism--美国文学.ppt

AmericanLiterature,AmericanRealism,LiteraryTerm:Realism,Itis,inliterature,anapproachthatattemptstodescribelifewithoutidealizationorromanticsubjectivity.Inpart.RealismwasareactionagainsttheRomanticemphasisonthestrange,idealistic,andlong-agoandfar-away.Althoughrealismisnotlimitedtoanyonecenturyorgroupofwriters,itismostoftenassociatedwiththeliterarymovementin19th-centuryFrance,specificallywiththeFrenchnovelistsFlaubertandBalzac.GeorgeEliotintroducedrealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates.Realismhasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,wherecharacterisaproductofsocialfactorsandenvironmentistheintegralelementinthedramaticcomplications.latterwritersfeltthatrealismlaidtoomuchemphasisonexternalreality.Many,notablyHenryJames,turnedtoapsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind.,TheAgeofRealism:BackgroundFromRomanticismtoRealism,1.Thethreeconflictsthatreachedbreakingpointinthisperiod（1）industrialismvs.agrarian（2）culturally-measuredeastvs.newly-developedwest（3）mercialgentility2.1880surbanization:fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism3.theclosingofAmericanfrontier,CharacteristicsofRealism,1.truthfuldescriptionoflife2.typicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstance3.objectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife,Realisticwritersarelikescientists.4.open-ending:Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.5.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems,revealingthefrustrationsofcharactersinanenvironmentofsordidnessanddepravity,ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod,1.WilliamDeanHowells:DeanofAmericanRealism2.HenryJames3.MarkTwain,ComparisonoftheThreeGiantsofAmericanRealism,1.ThemeHowells:middleclassJames:upperclassTwain:lowerclass2.TechniqueHowells:smiling/genteelrealismJames:psychologicalrealismTwain:localcolorismandcolloquialism,OtherRealisticWriter,EdithWharton(1862-1937)TheHouseofMirth(1905)TheAgeofInnocence(1920),1.WilliamDeanHowells,WilliamDeanHowells,WilliamDeanHowells(March1,1837May11,1920)wasanAmericanrealistauthorandliterarycritic.,LifeofWilliamDeanHowells,BorninMartinsFerry,Ohio,originallyMartinsville,toWilliamCooperandMaryDeanHowells,Howellswasthesecondofeightchildren.Hisfatherwasanewspapereditorandprinter,andmovedfrequentlyaroundOhio.Howellsbegantohelphisfatherwithtypesettingandprintingworkatanearlyage.In1852,hisfatherarrangedtohaveoneofHowellspoemspublishedintheOhioStateJournalwithouttellinghim.In1856,HowellswaselectedasaClerkintheStateHouseofRepresentatives.In1858,hebegantoworkattheOhioStateJournalwherehewrotepoetry,shortstories,andalsotranslatedpiecesfromFrench,Spanish,andGerman.HeavidlystudiedGermanandotherlanguagesandwasgreatlyinterestedinHeinrichHeine.In1860,hevisitedBostonandmetwithAmericanwritersJamesThomasFields,JamesRussellLowell,OliverWendellHolmes,NathanielHawthorne,HenryDavidThoreau,andRalphWaldoEmerson.,HisLiterarytheory,Howellsalsowroteplays,criticism,andessaysaboutcontemporaryliteraryfiguressuchasHenrikIbsen,mileZola,GiovanniVerga,BenitoPrezGalds,and,especially,LeoTolstoy,whichhelpedestablishtheirreputationsintheUnitedStates.HealsowrotecriticallyinsupportofAmericanwritersHamlinGarland,StephenCrane,EmilyDickinson,MaryE.WilkinsFreeman,PaulLaurenceDunbar,SarahOrneJewett,CharlesW.Chesnutt,AbrahamCahan,andFrankNorris.Itisperhapsinthisrolethathehadhisgreatestinfluence.InhisEditorsStudycolumnattheAtlanticMonthlyand,later,atHarpers,heformulatedanddisseminatedhistheoriesofrealisminliterature.Indefenseofthereal,asopposedtotheideal,Howellsisquotedassaying,Ihopethetimeiscomingwhennotonlytheartist,butthecommon,averageman,whoalwayshasthestandardoftheartsinhispower,willhavealsothecouragetoapplyit,andwillrejecttheidealgrasshopperwhereverhefindsit,inscience,inliterature,inart,becauseitisnotsimple,natural,andhonest,becauseitisnotlikearealgrasshopper.ButIwillownthatIthinkthetimeisyetfaroff,andthatthepeoplewhohavebeenbroughtupontheidealgrasshopper,theheroicgrasshopper,theimpassionedgrasshopper,theself-devoted,adventureful,goodoldromanticcard-boardgrasshopper,mustdieoutbeforethesimple,honest,andnaturalgrasshoppercanhaveafairfield.,HisRealisticprinciples(1),a.Realismisfidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive.b.TheaimistalkofsomeordinarytraitsofAmericanlife.c.ManinhisnaturalandunaffecteddullnesswastheobjectofHowellssfictionalrepresentation.d.Realismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwithmotivesandpsychologicalconflicts.e.Hecondemnsnovelsofsentimentalityandmorbidself-sacrifice,andavoidssuchthemesasillicitlove.f.Authorsshouldminimizeplotandtheartificialorderingofthesenseofsomethingdesultory,unfinished,imperfect.,HisRealisticprinciples(2),g.Charactersshouldhavesolidityofspecificationandbereal.h.InterpretingsympatheticallythecommonfeelingsofcommonplacepeoplewasbestsuitedasatechniquetoexpressthespiritofAmerica.i.Heurgedwriterstowinnowtraditionandwriteinkeepingwithcurrenthumanitarianideals.j.Truthisthehighestbeauty,butitincludestheviewthatmoralitypenetratesallthings.k.Withregardtoliterarycriticism,Howellsfeltthattheliterarycriticshouldnottrytoimposearbitraryorsubjectiveevaluationsonbooksbutshouldfollowthedetachedscientistinaccuratedescription,interpretation,andclassification.,（2）HisWorks,a.TheRiseofSilasLaphamb.AChanceAcquaintancec.AModernInstance,（3）TheFeaturesofHisWorks,a.Optimistictoneb.Moraldevelopment/ethicsc.Lackingofpsychologicaldepth,HenryJames,LifeofHenryJames（1）,HenryJames,O.M.(April15,1843)February28,1916)wasaU.S.-bornBritishauthor.Jamesisoneofthekeyfiguresof19thcenturyliteraryrealism.ThesonoftheologianHenryJames,Sr.,brotherofthephilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesanddiaristAliceJames,hespentmuchofhislifeinEnglandandbecameaBritishsubjectshortlybeforehisdeath.HeisprimarilyknownforaseriesofmajornovelsinwhichheportrayedtheencounterofAmericawithEurope.Hisplotscenteredonpersonalrelationships,theproperexerciseofpowerinsuchrelationships,andothermoralquestions.Hismethodofwritingfromthepointofviewofacharacterwithinataleallowedhimtoexplorethephenomenaofconsciousnessandperception,andhisstyleinlaterworkshasbeencomparedtoimpressionistpainting.,LifeofHenryJames（2）,JamesinsistedthatwritersinGreatBritainandAmericashouldbeallowedthegreatestfreedompossibleinpresentingtheirviewoftheworld,asFrenchauthorswere.Hisimaginativeuseofpointofview,interiormonologueandunreliablenarratorsinhisownnovelsandtalesbroughtanewdepthandinteresttorealisticfiction,andforeshadowedthemodernistworkofthetwentiethcentury.Anextraordinarilyproductivewriter,inadditiontohisvoluminousworksoffictionhepublishedarticlesandbooksoftravelwriting,biography,autobiography,andcriticism,andwroteplays,someofwhichwereperformedduringhislifetimewithmoderatesuccess.Histheatricalworkisthoughttohaveprofoundlyinfluencedhislaternovelsandtales.,（2）LiteraryCareerofHenryJames:ThreeStages,a.18651882:internationalthemeTheAmericanDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLadyb.18821895:inter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplaysDaisyMiller（play）c.18951900:novellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationalthemeTheTurnoftheScrewWhatMaisieKnewTheAmbassadorsTheWingsoftheDoveTheGoldenBowl,AestheticIdeasofHenryJames,a.Theaimofnovel:representlifeb.Common,evenuglysideoflifec.Socialfunctionofartd.Avoidingomniscientpointofview,PointofviewofHenryJames,a.Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousnessb.Psychologicalrealismc.Highly-refinedlanguage,Style;Stylist:HenryJames,a.Language:highly-refined,polished,insightful,accurateb.Vocabulary:largec.Construction:complicated,intricate,Literaryterm:Streamofconsciousness,Streamofconsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perception,thoughts,feelingsandmemoriesinthehumanmind;oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.Itisanimportantdeviceofmodernistfictionanditslaterimitators,thetechniquewaspioneeredbyDorothyRichardsoninPilgrimage(1915-35)andbyJamesJoyceinUlysses(1922)andfurtherdevelopedbyVirginiaWoofinMrsDalloway(1925)andWilliamFauknerinTheSoundandtheFury(1928).,NovelsofHenryJamess,WatchandWard(1871)RoderickHudson(1875)TheAmerican(1877)TheEuropeans(1878)Confidence(1879)WashingtonSquare(1880)ThePortraitofaLady(1881)TheBostonians(1886)ThePrincessCasamassima(1886)TheReverberator(1888)TheTragicMuse(1890)TheOtherHouse(1896)TheSpoilsofPoynton(1897)WhatMaisieKnew(1897)TheAwkwardAge(1899)TheSacredFount(1901)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheAmbassadors(1903)TheGoldenBowl(1904),TheWholeFamily(collaborativenovelwithelevenotherauthors,1908)TheOutcry(1911)TheIvoryTower(unfinished,publishedposthumously1917)TheSenseofthePast(unfinished,publishedposthumously1917)TheOtherHouse(1896)TheSpoilsofPoynton(1897)WhatMaisieKnew(1897)TheAwkwardAge(1899)TheSacredFount(1901)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheAmbassadors(1903)TheGoldenBowl(1904)TheWholeFamily(collaborativenovelwithelevenotherauthors,1908)TheOutcry(1911)TheIvoryTower(unfinished,publishedposthumously1917)TheSenseofthePast(unfinished,publishedposthumously1917),ThePortraitofaLady,ThePortraitofaLadyisanovelbyHenryJames,firstpublishedasaserialinTheAtlanticMonthlyandMacmillansMagazinein18801881andthenasabookin1881.ItisoneofJamesmostpopularlongnovels,andisregardedbycriticsasoneofhisfinest.ThePortraitofaLadyisthestoryofaspiritedyoungAmericanwoman,IsabelArcher,whoaffrontsherdestinyandfindsitoverwhelming.SheinheritsalargeamountofmoneyandsubsequentlybecomesthevictimofMachiavellianschemingbytwoAmericanexpatriates.LikemanyofJamesnovels,itissetmostlyinEurope,notablyEnglandandItaly.Generallyregardedasthemasterpieceofhisearlyphaseofwriting,thisnovelreflectsJamesscontinuinginterestinthedifferencesbetweentheNewWorldandtheOld,oftentothedetrimentoftheformer.Italsotreatsinaprofoundwaythethemesofpersonalfreedom,responsibility,betrayal,andsexuality.,TheAmbassadors,TheAmbassadorsisa1903novelbyHenryJames,originallypublishedasaserialintheNorthAmericanReview(NAR).Thisdarkcomedy,oneofthemasterpiecesofJamesfinalperiod,followsthetripofprotagonistLewisLambertStrethertoEuropeinpursuitofhiswidowedfiancessupposedlywaywardson.Stretheristobringtheyoungmanbacktothefamilybusiness,butheencountersunexpectedcomplications.Thethird-personnarrativeistoldexclusivelyfromStretherspointofview.,PlotofTheAmbassadors,LambertStrether,amiddle-agedyetnotbroadly-experiencedmanfromWollett,Massachusetts,agreestotakeonamissionforhiswealthyfiancee:togotoParisandrescuehersonChadNewsomefromtheclutchesofapresumablywickedwoman.Onhisjourney,StretherstopsinEnglandandmeetsMariaGostrey,anAmericanwomanwhohaslivedinParisformanyyears.Hercynicalwitandworldly-wiseopinionsstarttorattleStretherspreconceivedviewofthesituation.InParis,StrethermeetsChadandisimpressedbythemuchgreatersophisticationheseemstohavegainedduringhisyearsinEurope.ChadtakeshimtoagardenpartywhereStrethermeetsMariedeVionnet,alovelywomanofimpeccablemanners,separatedfromherreportedlyobnoxioushusband,andherexquisitedaughterJeanne.StretherisconfusedastowhetherChadismoreattractedtothemotherorthedaughter.Atthesametime,StretherhimselffeelsanoverwhelmingattractiontoMariedeVionnet,whichhesuspectsshemayreturn,andbeginstoquestionhiscommitmenttoreturntoWollettandmarryChadsmother,despitehisadmirationforher.StrethertakesasmalltourintheFrenchcountrysidetoescapethesetroubles,andaccidentallymeetsChadandMarieataruralinn.Strethernowrealizesthefullextentofthepairsromanticinvolvement.AfterhereturnstoParishecounselsChadnottoleaveMarie.ButStretherfindsthatheisnolongercomfortableinEurope.HedeclineswhatamountstoamarriageproposalfromMariaGostreyandreturnstoAmerica.,MajorthemesofTheAmbassadors,JamesgotthecentralideaforTheAmbassadorsfromananecdoteabouthisfriendandfellow-novelistWilliamDeanHowells.WhilevisitinghissoninParisHowellswassoimpressedwiththeamenitiesofEuropeanculturethathewonderedaloudiflifehadntpassedhimby.ThisintriguingsuggestiongrewintoStretherslongspeechtoLittleBilhamaboutlivingallyoucan.Thethemeofliberationfromacramped,almoststarvedemotionallifeintoafarmoregenerousandgraciousexistenceplaysthroughoutTheAmbassadors.ButitsimportanttonotethatJamesdoesnotnaivelymakeParisintoafaultlessparadiseforstintedAmericans.StretherlearnsaboutthereversesideoftheEuropeancoinwhenheseeshowMariedesperatelyfearslosingChadafterallshehasdoneforhim.Asonecriticputit,StretherdoesnotshedhisAmericanstrait-jacketonlytobefittedwithamoreelegantEuropeanmodel.Instead,Stretherlearnstoevaluateeverysituationonitsmerits,withoutprejudicesofanykind.ThefinallessonofhisEuropeanexperienceisnottotrustpreconceivednotionsfromanybodyoranywherebutrathertorelyonhisownobservationandjudgment.,HarrietBeecherStowe,HarrietBeecherStowe,HarrietBeecherStowe(June14,1811July1,1896)wasanAmericanabolitionistandauthor.StowesnovelUncleTomsCabin(1852)depictedlifeforAfrican-Americansunderslavery;itreachedmillionsasanovelandplay,andbecameinfluentialintheU.S.andBritainandmadethepoliticalissuesofthe1850sregardingslaverytangibletomillions,energizinganti-slaveryforcesintheAmericanNorth,whileprovokingwidespreadangerintheSouth.UponmeetingStowe,AbrahamLincolnallegedlyremarked,Sothisisthelittleoldladywhostartedthisnewgreatwar!,PartiallistofworksofHarrietBeecherStowe,TheMayflower;or,SketchesofScenesandCharactersAmongtheDescendantsofthePilgrims(1834)UncleTomsCabin(1852)AKeytoUncleTomsCabin(1853)Dred,ATaleoftheGreatDismalSwamp(1856)TheMinistersWooing(1859)ThePearlofOrrsIsland(1862)MenofOurTimes(1868)OldTownFolks(1869)LittlePussyWillow(1870)LadyByronVindicated(1870)MyWifeandI(1871)PinkandWhiteTyranny(1871)WomaninSacredHistory(1873)Palmetto-Leaves(1873)WeandOurNeighbors(1875)PoganucPeople(1878)ThePoorLife(1890),UncleTomsCabin,UncleTomsCabin,UncleTomsCabin;or,LifeAmongtheLowlyisananti-slaverynovelbyAmericanauthorHarrietBeecherStowe.Publishedin1852,thenovelhadaprofoundeffectonattitudestowardAfricanAmericansandslaveryintheUnitedStates,somuchinthelattercasethatthenovelintensifiedthesectionalconflictleadingtotheAmericanCivilWar.Stowe,aConnecticut-bornpreacherattheHartfordFemaleAcademyandanactiveabolitionist,focusedthenovelonthecharacterofUncleTom,along-sufferingblackslavearoundwhomthestoriesofothercharactersbothfellowslavesandslaveownersrevolve.ThesentimentalnoveldepictstherealityofslaverywhilealsoassertingthatChristianlovecanovercomesomethingasdestructiveasenslavementoffellowhumanbeings.,Majorthemes1.,UncleTomsCabinisdominatedbyasingletheme:theevilandimmoralityofslavery.WhileStoweweavesothersubthemesthroughouthertext,suchasthemoralauthorityofmotherhoodandtheredeemingpossibilitiesofferedbyChristianity,sheemphasizestheconnectionsbetweentheseandthehorrorsofslavery.Stowepushedhomeherthemeoftheimmoralityofslaveryonalmosteverypageofthenovel,sometimesevenchangingthestorysvoicesoshecouldgiveahomilyonthedestructivenatureofslavery(suchaswhenawhitewomanonthesteamboatcarryingTomfurthersouthstates,Themostdreadfulpartofslavery,tomymind,isitsoutragesoffeelingsandaffectionstheseparatingoffamilies,forexample.).OnewayStoweshowedtheevilofslaverywashowthispeculiarinstitutionforciblyseparatedfamiliesfromeachother.,Majorthemes2.,BecauseStowesawmotherhoodastheethicalandstructuralmodelforallofAmericanlife,andalsobelievedthatonlywomenhadthemoralauthoritytosavetheUnitedStatesfromthedemonofslavery,anothermajorthemeofUncleTomsCabinisthemoralpowerandsanctityofwomen.ThroughcharacterslikeEliza,whoescapesfromslaverytosaveheryoungson(andeventuallyreunitesherentirefamily),orLittleEva,whoisseenastheidealChristian,Stoweshowshowshebelievedwomencouldsavethosearoundthemfromeventheworstinjustices.WhilelatercriticshavenotedthatStowesfemalecharactersareoftendomesticclichsinsteadofrealisticwomen,Stowesnovelreaffirmedtheimportanceofwomensinfluenceandhelpedpavethewayforthewomensrightsmovementinthefollowingdecades.,Majorthemes3.,Stowespuritanicalreligiousbeliefsshowupinthenovelsfinal,over-archingtheme,whichistheexplorationofthenatureofChristianityandhowshefeelsChristiantheologyisfundamentallyincompatiblewithslavery.ThisthemeismostevidentwhenTomurgesSt.ClaretolookawaytoJesusafterthedeathofSt.ClaresbeloveddaughterEva.AfterTomdies,GeorgeShelbyeulogizesTombysaying,WhatathingitistobeaChristian.“BecauseChristianthemesplaysuchalargeroleinUncleTomsCabinandbecauseofStowesfrequentuseofdirectauthorialinterjectionsonreligionandfaiththenoveloftentakestheformofasermon.,StyleofUncleTomsCabin,UncleTomsCabiniswritteninthesentimentalandmelodramaticstylecommonto19thcenturysentimentalnovelsanddomesticfiction(alsocalledwomensfiction).ThesegenreswerethemostpopularnovelsofStowestimeandtendedtofeaturefemalemaincharactersandawritingstylewhichevokedareaderssympathyandemotion.EventhoughStowesnoveldiffersfromothersentimentalnovelsbyfocusingonalargethemelikeslaveryandbyhavingamanasthemaincharacter,shestillsetouttoelicitcertainstrongfeelingsfromherreaders(suchasmakingthemcryatthedeathofLittleEva).Thepowerinthistypeofwritingcanbeseeninthereactionofcontemporaryreaders.,LocalColorism,LocalColorism1860s,1870s1890s:Appearance,1.unevendevelopmentineconomyinAmerica2.culture:flourishingoffrontierliterature,humourists3.magazinesappearedtoletwriterpublishtheirworks,LiteraryTerm:LocalColourism,Tasksoflocalcolourists:towrite,presentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.LocalColorismisatypeofwritingthatwaspopularinthelate19th-century,particularlyamongauthorsintheSouthoftheU.S.Thisstylereliedheavilyonusingwords,phrases,andslangthatwerenativetotheparticularregioninwhichthestorytookplace.Thetermhascometomeananydevicewhichimpliesaspecificfocus,whetheritbegeographicalortemporal.Awell-knownlocalcolorismauthorwasMarkTwainwithhisbooksTomSawyerandTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.,Background,(1)TheUnitedStateshadnotsolidifieditselfintoacohesiveculturewhole.Markeddifferencesexistedbetweendifferentpartsofthecountry(2)Thefrontierhumoristshadpreparedtheliterarygroundforlocalcolorism.(3)Magazinesappearedtoletwriterspublishtheirworks.,Definition,“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbyloc